Maahmaahyo

547. Naag kun baa koodisa ,kow baana guursada 553. Naag, naag ka umulisay iyo nin reer u weyni, midna siday wax u ogyihiin uma sheegaan. 554. Naagaha iyo carruurtaba sasabaa lagu wadaa 555. Naagi kun nin way la sheekaysataa kawna way ka guursataa. 556. Naagi naag lala qabo waa u col 557. Naagi nimay legdaan, kama kacaan. 558. Naagi ninkay legedo kama kacdo 559. Naago abaal ha u gelin amaahse ha u diidin 560. Naago badhaadhahooday ka sheekeeyaan, ragna ba'ooda 561. Naago been baa lagu soo xero geliyaa runna waa lagu dhaqaa 562. Naago iyo riyaba diifta ayey isku eryoodaan 563. Naago jileec iyo naxariis midna wax kuma laha 564. Naago nimaan maddaxooda maja u rogin nin ma moodaan 566. Naago nin ay yaqaaniin col ma moodaan 567. Naago waa belo loo baahan yahay. 568. Naago waa u samir ama ka simir. 569. Naago wax laga bixiyey laguma dhaqo oo wax loo hayaa lagu dhaqaa 570. Naago yaryarasi ma le 571. Naagtii caana xun dhigataa iyana ku murud la' 572. Naaguhu hoosiis bay hadh moodaan 574. Naar hooba galaaso bartaa ey la aragneey, tiimbooy (Naar si fiican baa loo galaa, hadii kale banaankaa laga joogaa) 575. Naaso kor u jeeda nin arkaa, kuwo hoos u jeeda ma arko. 576. Nabad la'aani waa nolol la'aan. 578. Naf wax jecel allaa dhibay 579. Nafeey, nin ku doona ku waa. 580. Nafsi raaga rag iyo geel baa iska leh. 581. Nafsigu ma hadho. 582. Naftu orod bay kugu aamintaa. 583. Naftu waxay ogtahay ilaashataa. 584. Naxariis eebbe lagama quusto 586. Nimaad dhashay kuma dhalin. 587. Nimaad fadhiga kaga adag tahay looma saro kaco. 589. Nimaad kabahiisa tolayso, kafantaada tolaaya. 590. Nimaad kabo ka tolanayso kabihiisaa la eegaa. 591. Nimaan balan lahayni waa nin aan diin lahayn. 592. Nimaan dhididin ma dhergo 594. Nimaan dhul marin dhaayo malaha. 595. Nimaan hadlin habartiina wax ma siiso. 596. Nimaan hubsiimo lahayni war gal maaha(C) 597. Nimaan kuu furu doonin yuusan kuu rarin. 598. Nimaan naxariisan looma naxariisto. 599. Nimaan qaybin jirin haduu qaybiyo nimaan qadi jirin baa qada. 600. Nimaan qooq dilin maroodi ma dilo. 601. Nimaan shantaasi kaa dabaalin sharci kaama dabaalo. 602. Nimaan shaqaysan shaah waa ka xaaraan. 603. Nimaan shaqaysan shaxaad baa dila 604. Nimaan waxa jooga garanin waxa soo socdana ma garto. 606. Nimay meeli buktaa isagay balbashaa 607. Nin aad kabtiisa tolaysaa, kadabkaaga jaraya 608. Nin aan baqani ma bad baado. 609. Nin aan dhididin ma dhargo. 610. Nin aan dulqaadasho lahayni waa geel aan horwayn lahayn. 611. Nin aan hadlin habartiisba qadisay 612. Nin aan kuu furayni yuu kuu rarin 613. Nin aan maahmaahin cod kar maaha(C) 615. Nin aan wax garad ahayn haanta gadaankeedaa wax loo saaraa nin wax garad ahna daaqsin geel. 616. Nin aanad maalin ku baranin sanad kuma baratid. 617. Nin abaal gala wax badan baa la arkaa ninse guda wax yar baa la arkaa. 618. Nin ani yidhi dad iska saar.(sooc) 620. Nin buka boqol u tali. 621. Nin casarkii isa sheegay, cishihii ceebi ma qabato. 623. Nin daad qaaday xunbo cuskey 624. Nin dameero dabadood ka degay meel uga tooban buu waayey. 625. Nin dameero rartaa dad la toy ma aha. 626. Nin dhintay kabihiisaa dhaama. 627. Nin durbaan tumay ilaaq dalbay. 628. Nin durbaan tuntay ilaaq dalbay. 629. Nin duulay dantii kaa og 630. Nin faash wataa xaabo ma waayo. 631. Nin fadhiya, looma saro joogsado. 632. Nin faruurani ma fooryo. 633. Nin gu kaa wayn garaad kaa wayn. 634. Nin hadduu isukaa waalo waa laysla waalaa. 635. Nin ilko waa wayn haduu dhintona inuu qoslayaa la moodaa. 636. Nin Illaahay ka dambeeya kabtii ma yeela. 637. Nin is faanshay waa ri is nuugtay. 639. Nin iyo naag is qaba colna ma aha nabadna ma aha. 640. Nin iyo qabkiis. 641. Nin jiifa lama legdo. 644. Nin kaa wayna waxba looma sheego.nin dheerna waxba looma tilmaamo. 645. Nin kaligii tashaday waa nin orgi rartay. 646. Nin keligii garramay, iyo nin dhul gannay midna ma gefo. 647. Nin ku arkaaya looma saro kaco. 648. Nin ku necebi xantaa og, nin ku jeclina xogtaa og. 650. Nin kuu digay kuma dilin. 651. Nin la dhacay ama caytan ama habaartan. 652. Nin la sugayoow adna yaad sugin 653. Nin lagu seexdaw ha seexan. 654. Nin maalin ma gaadhid, nina sanad ma gaadhid, nina weligaaba ma gaadhid. nin maalin ma gaadhid oo waa ninka kaa faraska dheereeya, nin sanad ma gaadhid oo waa ninka xoolihiisu sanadkaa meel caws badan daaqiyey, nin weligaa ma gaadhid oo waa ninka kaa gabadha/naagta wanaagsan. 655. Nin magaalo ka dudaw siigo yare 656. Nin mar waashay waalida loogama sheekeeyo. 657. Nin nin kaaa xigo iyo hawl nin kaa xigo midna laguma deg dego. 658. nin ood sida iyo nin adhi la joogaa arin ma kala laastaan. 659. Nin ooman biyaha hoo baa deeqa. 661. Nin qoyani, biyo iskama dhowro. 662. Nin qurux badan naagtaada uga yaab nin fool xuna naftaada uga yaab. 663. Nin rag ah looma duur xulo. 664. Nin reer ugu wayn iyo naag naag ka umulisay midna siday wax u arkaan uma sheegaan. 666. Nin sigtay ma nabad gelin 668. Nin soo fadhiiso laga waayo soo seexaa laga helaa. 669. Nin soori kaa qaaday waa nin seefi kaa qaaday. 671. Nin tuur lihi sida uu u seexdo isagaa kaa yaqaan. 673. Nin waalan tolkii baa u miyir qaba. 675. Nin walba intay taagtii tahay baa qoraxdu ugu tagtaa. 676. Nin walba meeshii buktaa belbesha. 677. Nin waliba waxa uu yahay ayuu ku moodaa. 678. Nin war kuu keenay war kaa qaad. 679. Nin wax dhaqay dhurwaana wax u dhaq. 680. Nin wax yaqaan daaqsin geel baa wax loo mariyaa, ninaan wax aqoonna qaanso qurqurkeed. 681. Nin wayn tag lama yidhaahdee wuxuu ku tagaa la tusaa. 683. Nin wayni waa qorax casar joogta. 684. Nin wayni wadkiisa waa yaqaan. 687. Nin xil qaaday eed qaad. 689. Nin xoola ku siiya in badan baad aragtaa ninse talo ku siiya wax yar baad aragtaa. 690. Nin yari waa nin ban soo ordaya. 691. Nina dabeecadiisa lama doorin karo. 692. Ninaan hadlin, hooyadiis qadisay. 693. Ninba curadkiisa ceel gee. 694. Ninba gurigii gaado ku leh 695. Ninba kaskiisuu kor tagaa. 696. Ninka aan hadalka suginin warrankana ma sugo. 697. Ninka aragiisu ku deeqo ayaa oontiisuna ku deeqdaa. 698. Ninkaad adhi weydiisanayso, geel weydii. 699. Ninkii belaayadaada raba, bawdkaagu qori ka jabsadaa. 700. Ninkii dhagar qaba dhulkaa u dhaqdhaqaaqa. 701. Ninkii dhimanayaa dheg baa dheer 702. Ninkii geed fuulay asigi lee kasoo degi 703. Ninkii seexdaa sixii dibi dhalay. 704. Ninkii talin jiray hadduu tago, midaan talin jirin baa yimaada. 705. Ninkii tiisa daryeelaa tu kale ku dara. 708. Ninkii uurka dabana Illaah baa arka, ninkii isha dabana Aadmibaa arka. 709. Ninna caadidii ma daayo, bahalna ceedhin ma daayo. 710. Nin meeli u cadahay meeli ka madaw. 711. Nin caadadii ka maydh iyo dundumo ciid ka maydh labadaba waa lagu daalaa.

Maahmaahyo

711. ood is qabsatay maroodina way qarisaa. 712. Ood kaa dheeri kuma dhaxan tirto. 713. Ood qaadis iyo jiidis waa isla guri geyn 714. Oodi siday u kala sarreeysaa loo kala guraa 715. Oodo dhacmeed siday u kala sareeyaan baa loo kala guraa. Xarafka "Q" Dib u laabo 716. Qaadis iyo jiidis waa isla guryo geyn. 717. Qalbigu laba ruux ma wada qaado. 718. Qawl nin wayn ka dhacay waa qolof geed ka dhacday. 719. Qaybshe qad ama qaaday. 721. Qof aan waxa soo socda garan waxa joogana ma garto 722. Qof caashaq hayaa wax ka calaancal badan(C) 723. Qof nool oo ku hortaagan lagama quusto. 724. Qof walba qumanihiisaa qoorta ugu jira. 725. Qof waliba wuxuu dhigtuu dheeftaa. 726. Qof waliba intuu cunuu ciidamiyaa 727. Qofkii aragiisu ku deeqaa oontiisuna ku deeqdaa. 728. Qoryo adistooda isku duwis baa horreysa 729. Qosol badani qoonsimaad noqoy. 730. Qosol hiil leh. 731. Qosol qoonsimaad noqay. 732. Qufac iyo uur midna ma qarsoomo. 733. Qunyar socde qodaxi ma mudo. 734. Quruxi waa ishaada, qiimana waa ayaankaaga. 735. Quud aan jirin qoryo u guro. Xarafka "R" Dib u laabo 736. Ra saddex ka oggow: Gacan gudhan, gar weecsan, iyo guddoon jilicsan. 737. Raad arrooryo dib looma raaco. 738. Rag gar baa kala saarta dumarna jaan(c) 739. Rag hunguri buu isku raacaa. 740. Rag jidiin baa walaaleeya. 741. Rag la'aan waxba kuma yeeshee Rag xumaa ku disha. 742. Rag qawl baa xidha dumarna meher. 743. Rag sadex lama raaco, ma fakere,ma faaidayste,ma foorarsade. 744. Rag waa arin keen iyo aqbalkeen. 745. Rag waa raggii hore hadalna waa intuu yidhi 747. Rag waa shaah dumarna waa sheeko. 749. Rag walaalow wuxuu ku dhaamo la waa. 750. Rag waxa ugu faan badan mar dhoof iyo mar duul. 751. Rag waxa ugu liita ciil kama baxe iyo calooshiisa la ciyaare. 752. Rag waxa ugu liita looma maahmaahe, looma sheekeeye, looma soo gale.(c) 753. Rag waxa ugu liita, ma hadle ma heenseeye, ma haasawshe(C) 754. Rag wuxuu kugu bartuu kugu dilaa. 755. Ragi sadex bay ku kala baxaan , wax tegay ka hadhidii, wax jooga ka hadalkii, wax soo socda ka haloosigii. 756. Ragu sadex waa iskaga mid. Magaca, magta iyo maganta. 757. Ragu waxa uu ka sheekeeyaa biiisa dumarkuna badhaadha hooda. 759. Reer ba'ow yaa ku leh! 760. Reer guura raac iyo carruurba loo kala sheekeeyaa, is mase arkaan. 761. Reer, naagbaa kaa raacda. 762. Reerka meelan loo husan looma haatiyo. 763. Ri waalan ridaada laguma xidhto 764. Riyuhu lugtooday shalan ku doontaan. 765. Roob magaalo ku hooray ramaas soo bixin maayee laamiguu ku raftaan. 766. Run iyo ilkaba waa la cadeeyaa. 767. Runi rag kama nixiso 768. Ruux aan geeri iyo nolol midna ahayni/ ma dhiman mana noola. 769. Ruuxba dhiishuu ruxduu caanaheeda dhamaa. Xarafka "S" Dib u laabo 771. Saddex baa la yidhi: Lixdan jir lexojeclo ha la wadaagin; afartan jir ha la garramin; labaatan jirna ha la legdemin. 772. Saddex baa rag u liita; Ma toshe, ma tashade iyo ma tashiishe 773. Saddex Ilaah waa karaa, mase suurowdo: Ilaahow guursan maayee wiil i sii; Ilaahow shaqaysan maayee xoolo i sii; iyo Ilaahow ku caabudi maayee jannada i gee. 774. Saddex lama arag: Marti nin ka yar, muddo maalin ka yar, salaad ragcad ka yar, 775. Saddex lama raaco: Ma horreeye, ma hambeeye, iyo ma haasawshe.(C) 776. Saddex looma adkeysto: Gaajo guri og, gardarro garab og, 777. Saddex markaan bartaan ka gaboobay: Dab ollolintiis, carruur aamusinteed, iyo awr carraabintiis. 778. Saddex wer-werkay kugu kordhiyaan: Faraska xun, naagta xun, iyo hoyga xun; haddana saddexdaas baa kaa bi'iye. 780. Saddex col baa jira, col cad , col cas, col madaw, colka cad waa biyaha,colka casna waa dabka ,colka madawna waa dadka. 781. Saddex la lama dego, doqon fiiro taqaan,fulay daandaansi yaqaan iyo geesi damac yaqaan. 782. saddexna la lama saaxiibo, nin aan rabi aqoon, nin aan rag aqoon iyo nin aan run aqoon. 783. Safar waa si wada yeel. 784. Sagaaro intay tub joogto bay tub kale dayataa 785. Sagaaro inteeda waa ku duq. 786. Sagaaro laba cad oo la kal qaado ma leh 787. Sagaaro, mindhaa ima barato. 788. Sahaydaa waa hor, socodkaana waa dib. 789. Sakaaro laba tun oo laka qalo ma leh. 790. Salaadba waqtigeedaa la tukadaa 791. Samraa, sammo hela. 792. Sankaagoo qudhma lama gooyo. 793. Seedi waa beer 794. Shan nin oo shidho qayb leh, hal shanshaa ka baxda, shan ninnaan shidho qayb lahayna, shan shanshaa ka baxda. 795. Shan shidda ma macaysaa. 796. Shinbiri maalibay dab qaaday buulkeedii baanay ku gubtay. 797. Shiikh markiis yimaado, shariifku, shubaakaduu ka baxaa. 798. Shinbir duul duul badani af libaax bay gashaa. 799. Shinbirba shinbirkiisuu la duulaa. 800. Shinbiri laba geed ma wada gurato. 801. Shir looma wada uunsiyo 802. Shir naagood oo shan dhaafay waa shar 803. Shisheeye sheela duxa ma leh. 804. Shubaali waa biyo la bax. 805. Sidaan kuugu lisay iigumaad hanbayn. 806. Sidee xeego lagu xagtaa ilkana u nabad galaan 807. Sir ma qabe allaw sahana. 808. Sir naageed lama sal gaadho. 810. Si xun wax u sheege saaxir ka daran. 811. Sodcaal maa moodhar, sahayna waa lacag, saaxiibna waa kaba cad. 812. Soo bax baa la leeyahay sacabka leefaysaa. 813. Soo joogso laga waayaa, soo jiifso laga helaa. 814. Soomaalidu been way sheegtaa beense ma maahmaahdo. 815. Soomaalidu waxay casarkii kugu aragtay cishihii kugu caydaa. 816. Soomalidu waa indho ku garaadle. 817. Soor quudheed lama cuno xoolo quudheedse waa la qaataa. 818. Soori waa in xil lagaga tago iyo in xarrago lagaga tago Xarafka "T" Dib u laabo 1. Tabcadaa ma tuugoobo. 2. Talo adigaa ku nool ee iyadu kuguma noola 3. Talo laba adin dhexdood bay ka dhalataa 4. Tol la'aani waa tows. 5. Tol yarraaday, tafo naagood baa laga dayaa. 6. Toladu waa mar aad gaadhi waydo iyo mar aad garan waydo 7. Tolkaa maw talisay, mase tuugtay. 8. Tolkaaga iyo xaaskaaga midna looma xoog weynaado. 9. Tuhun waa sed. 10. Tuug la qabtay talo ma laha. 11. Tuug tuug ma xado.

Maahmaahyo

830. Ul jiiftaa ma jabto. 831. Umili ilawshiinyo dhaw. 832. usha intay qoyan tahay ayaa la toosiyaa. 833. ushaada nin aad ka qaadi kartaa loo dhiibtaa. 834. Uur mudane iyo uur Berde, midna lama baadho. Xarafka "W" Dib u laabo 835. Waa baahan tahay bakhtiga looma cuno 836. waa lagu shareeraa waxay sheegtaba ha waydee. 838. waalida ninkii soo baraa laga waraystaa. 840. waan xoolo yarahayna deeq lagagama hadho waan dad yarahayna dagaal lagagama hadho. 841. waano dhalan baa ka adag.(ka roon) 843. Waari mayside war hakaa hadho. 844. Waayeel ha soocine, wax aqoonta sooca. 845. waayeel hadalkiisa kaftan buu ku dhamaystaa. 846. waayeel hortiisaa caano loogu badhxaa. 848. Wadaad waa nin 849. Wadaanta isha ka xumaataa, faylkay la tagtaa. 850. Wadaantii geeleeda kaafida, baa mid kalena kaalmeysa. 851. Wadar iyo waaxid yaa waalan 852. wadiiqada yari wadada wayn bay kugu ridaa. 853. Wadiiqada yari waddiqada weyn bay kugu riddaa 854. wakhti kaa lumay muruguu reebaa. 855. wakhti kaa tegay tiigsimaad maleh. 856. Walaalkaa dhuux tagoogaa loogu soo subkadaa (dhaashadaa). 857. walaalkaa markhaatiga ku fur magtana la bixi. 858. walaalo is necebi way xoola yareeyaan wayna xabaalo badiyaan. 859. walaashaa iskuma hubtida seedigaa haysi seegina. 861. wan wayn jeeroo la gawraco indhihiisu cirka ma arkaan. 863. war jiraaba cakaaruu iman. 866. war la'aani waa dhego laaan. 867. war xumi dugsi ma fadhiisto. 868. waraabaa yidhi ulna layla gaadhi waa cayna wax igama tarto 869. Waraabe daalay, dirirtiisaa loo tagaa. 870. waraabe dhankii loo eryaaba waw toos. 871. Waraabe ulla lala gaadhi waa, orodna wax lagaga dhibi waa. 872. waranka ninka kugu dhufta iyo ninka kugu dhaqdhaqaajia ninka kugu dhaqdhaqaajiya ayaa xun. 875. Wax aad baratay waa baaskaa 876. Wax aqoon wax looma sheego. 877. wax is waydiintu ma xumee wax is waydaarsigaa xun. 878. Wax la dhalay iyo dhul baa loo marti yahay. 879. Wax la qarashaa ama qudhme ama qubte 880. wax raagaa rag kuma sama. 881. Wax rag kaa galay rako kaa gale. 882. wixii ay idho arkaan ayey ilko gooyaan 883. wax walba run moodaa rag ugu liita. 884. waxa jira sadex abaar, abaar geel ,abaar dumar iyo abaar rag. Abaar geel waa ilko laaan, abaar dumar waa ubad laaan, abaar ragna waa arin laaan. 887. Waxaan calaf ahayna lama cuno, waxaan hed ahayna looma dhinto. 888. Waxaan kashaada gelin, korkaaga yay dhaamin. 889. Waxaanad filanany iyo fallaari waa kaa fajiciyaan 890. waxaanad heli karayn waxaanad u baahnayn baa laga dhigaa. 891. waxay ili aragto ayaa ilko gooyaan 893. weel waliba wixii ku jiruu dhididaa 894. weylasha biree dibigu ha ku quustee 895. Wiil intuu ood ka booduu talo ka boodaa 896. wiilkii is waalaba wiil waabiyaa hela. 897. wixii faq lagu sheego fagaaray tagaan. Xarafka "X" Dib u laabo 898. xaasidaw xoogga beel. 899. Xabaallo waalid baa xoolo lagala baxaa. 901. xadhko geel ma wada xidhaan. 902. Xaglo laaban xoolo kuma yimaadaan 904. Xalaafo waa Xoogii Xirsi Muude 905. Xarrago dumar xanuun ma leh 906. Xiiso iyo xoorba way gudhaan. 907. Xog mooge xaajo waa dilaa. 908. Xoolo lama cunee dadkoodaa la cunaa. 909. Xoolo quudheed waa la qaataa, soor quudheedse lama qaato. 910. Xoorkii laga dhamay xagaagii iyo xusuus baa geel lagu xer geeyaa 911. Xornimo adaa ku noole,iyadu kuguma noola

Maahmaahyo

ØSaddex Weeye Guurku. B) Badhi badhi ku dhufo. T) Badhi dab ku dhufo J) Dab dab ku dhufo. ØSaddex lama arrag: B) Badhi Ciyi ah T) Bellaayo laba qad ah. J) Bakayle Tallaabsanaya. ØSaddex Laguma Gallo. B) Barqin aan caanno lahayn. T) Billad aan boqor lahayn. J) Ban aan farras lahayn. ØSaddex Derriskaa Kugu Neceb: B) Been baddan. T) Baryo baddan. J) Bugto baddan. ØSaddex Berriga ayaa laga Hellaa: B) Beer. T) Belled. J) Baabuur. ØSaddex Lallama Heshiiyo: B) Taxde Waddaad ah. T) Talliye Jiite ah. J) Turqato Naageed. ØSaddex baa Dumar lagu Qabay: B) Xilkasnimo T) Xog'ogaal. J) Xan La'aan. ØSaddex baase Baddellay: B) Xil ma saarna. T) Xaal ma qabto. J) Xerro ma leh. Ø Saddex kuma daryeesho: B) Dumaal haween. T) Doqon sokeeye. J) Dal shisheeye. ØSaddex lagama xishoodo: B) Dantaada raac. T) Dirrir caddaawe. J) Deeq lagu siiyo. ØSaddex dumar hallaga hello: B) Dawliid qurxoon hallaga hello. T) Dabeecad fiican how u dhallato. J) Dad aqoon leh ha noqoto. ØSaddex lamma dego: B) Doqon fiiro taqaan. T) Fulle daandaansi yaqaan. J) Bakeyle damac yaqaan. ØDoqontu waa Saddex : B) Duufley. T) Darreenley. J) Iyo Dirashallay. ØSaddex uu Hoggaamiyuhu u baahan yahay: B) Caqli. T) Maal. J) Samir. ØSaddex Lallama saaxiibo: B) Run ma yaqaan. T) Rabbi ma yaqaan. J) Rag ma yaqaan. ØSaddex baa Rag uggu Liita: B) Ma Toshe. T) Ma Tashiishe. J) Ma Tashadde. ØSaddex Lama Raaco: B) Ma horreeye. T) Ma dambeeye. J) Ma haasaawe. ØSaddex Dumar baa uggu Wannaagsan: B) Mid kaa toostay. T) Mid kulla toostay. J) Mid kuu toostay. ØSaddex baa Rag uggu Darran: B) Ma dhigte. T) Ma dhaqe. J) Ma dhaggeyste. ØSadddex Baddaa lagga Hellaa: B) Markab. T)Doon. J) Kalluun. ØSaddex Raggu waa ka Simman yahay: B) Maggaca. T) Magta. J) Muuqa. ØSaddex baa Ba'ay: B) Malle ba'ay. T) Maggac ba'ay. J) Maal ba'ay. ØSaddex Illaahow Addaa Awood u leh: B) Guursan maayee yaannan goblamin. T) Xoogsan maayee xoollo isii. J) Camal falli maayee caddaabta ha igeyn. ØSaddex ma dhaqmaan: B) Geel aan qawsaar lahayn. T) Qabiil aan maddax xoor lahayn. J) Adhi aan qawmiirte lahayn. ØSaddex baa Raggu uggu Wannaagsan yahay: B) Nin tolkii u naccas ah. T) Nin shisheeyaha u naccas ah. J) Nin reerkiisa u naag ah. ØSaddex baa Rag uggu Darran: B) Nin maqan oon la tebin. T) Nin jooga oo aan la tirsan. J) Nin taggaya oon la cellin. ØSaddex –Saddex lamma Heshiiyaan: B)Nin quudh Jeccel iyo Nimaan u quudhin. T)Nin qab-weyn iyo Nimaan u baqa-qabin. J)Nin qosol baddan iyo Nin quusimaad baddan. ØRaggu waa Labiyo Tobanle: Nin ragga iyo nin rag kalkaal ah; Rifle iyo rifle kalkaal; guddoon-raac iyo u gargaare; goor dhow iyo goox dhaliye; Yaa yidhi iyo Yeelli maayo; Uddub-xujo; Qudde; Dhurre; iyo Anna-way-kan. ØSaddex Wayku Hoddaa: B) Gardarro garrab og. T) Gaajo gurri og. J) Gabow geeri og. ØSaddex baa Boqornimada kaa Qaadda: B) Gar weecsan/ Gar eexo. T) Gaccan gudhan. J) Guddoon jillicsan. ØSaddex baase Suldaan Siisa: B) Gar toosan. T) Gaccan furan. J) Guddoon addag. ØLaba WayKu Daba Socdaan: B)Geeri T)Gabow. ØSaddex midna faa'iido ma leh: B) Fidhiqle rag. T) Fudduda haween. J) Fadhiya geel. ØSaddex baa Rag ka arrimin jirray: B) Wax jooga ka haddalkii. T) Wax teggay ka hadhiddii. J) Wax soo socda ka halloosigii

Najma oo kale

kolkay socodka dhiif uma waddee dhebi sidii liicdo 20. dhega inan rag kay dhinac martaa dheelmatiin galabe 21. dhaqan iyo adduun lama hadheen dhogorta xoolaade 22. inta dahabka lacag dheertahay dumarka dhaantaaye 23. dhadhab igula looshiyo hurdada dhool anoo ladaye 24. dhuuxaga iyo feedhay dhudi ku laaqnayde 25. sidii malagga ruuxayga dhigay laygu kaa dherere 26. inkastay dhallaan yeelatiyo ubad dhawaaqaaya 27. dhimashada ha joogtee si kale waw dhur sugayaa 28. dhufsataye qalbiga maanigaa dhudi ka reebaaya

Najma oo kale

kolkay socodka dhiif uma waddee dhebi sidii liicdo 20. dhega inan rag kay dhinac martaa dheelmatiin galabe 21. dhaqan iyo adduun lama hadheen dhogorta xoolaade 22. inta dahabka lacag dheertahay dumarka dhaantaaye 23. dhadhab igula looshiyo hurdada dhool anoo ladaye 24. dhuuxaga iyo feedhay dhudi ku laaqnayde 25. sidii malagga ruuxayga dhigay laygu kaa dherere 26. inkastay dhallaan yeelatiyo ubad dhawaaqaaya 27. dhimashada ha joogtee si kale waw dhur sugayaa 28. dhufsataye qalbiga maanigaa dhudi ka reebaaya

Galmada iyo kacsiga

Borotiinnada laga helo cuntooyinka ay kamidka yihiin Hilibka cad sida Kalluunka iyo Digaagga iyo weliba Caanaha iyoFarmaajada cadi waxa ay sameeyaan hormoonno kordhiyakacsiga iyo rabitaanka ragga ee ku wajahan dumarka inay la sameyaan ciyaar macaan, Hadaba Vitamiin A waxa uu kamid yahay waxyaabaha aan looga maarmin tamarsiinta habdhiska taranka ninka, isaga oo awood siiya qanjirka Borostaatka iyo Qooraha, kana qaybgala cusbooneysiinta unugyada dhinta iyo dardargelinta kuwa tabarta daran Fitamiin A waxa uu ka buuxaa Karootada iyo khudaarta iyo furutada fareeshka ah inteeda badan ee keena dar darta xoogan, Hasa ahaatee vitamiin B1 isagu waxa uu gacan ka geeystaa xoojinta qanjirrada taranka iyo firfircooneynta insiimada qabta shaqooyinka bayolojiyeed ee jirka. Ninka uu fitamiinkaasi ku yaryahay waxaa ku dhaca tabar-darri, rabitaan la’aan iyo geedka oo ka raaracsama hawshii galmadana si wanaagsan u gudan waaya. Vitimiin D, waxaa loogu yeeraa (Fitamiinka Jinsiga), maxaa yeelay waxa uu kamid yahay waxyaabaha ugu waxtarka badan ee lagu daaweeyo madhalaysnimada. Wuxuu door weyn ka cayaaraa daryeelka tubbooyinka xawada ee ku jira xiniinyaha ragga, yaraantiisuna ugu badan ee ragga madhalaysnimada ku dhaliya. Fitamiinka waxa laga helaa khudaarta caleenleyda ah iyo Firileyda sida Qamadiga. Hadaba Cuntooyinka la caddeeyey waxtarkooda waxa ugu horreeya kuwa caloosha dhaqso ugu shiidma, jirkana degdeg uga baxa sida tan, 1- Kalluunka iyo Aragoostada’Waxay kamid yihiinwaxyaabaha Borotiinnada iyo Vitamiinnada laga helo kuwa ugu wanaagsan qeeyb weyne ka qaata kulanka adag ee sariirta, 2- Hilibka Digaagga iyo Ukunta:- Degdeg bay xiidmaha ugu shiidmaan, xawadana waa ay kordhiyaan. 3- Digaaga,nooca Dagiiranka, hilibkoodu waxa uu hilibkoodu faa’iido gaar ah u leeyahay bekra-jebinta, waxaana arrintaasi bariga dhexe laga ogaaday kumanaan sano kahor. Masaaridu ilaa iyo maantadaan lajoogo qoyska cusub hilibka Shimbiraha uunbay uqooshaan habeenka aqalgalka, 4- Xummuska, Xumuska keligii ama isagoo malab lagu iidaamay. Caalimkii la oran jiray Ibnu Siinaa waxa uu qoray in Xummusku kordhiyo ragannimada iyo rabitaanka jinsiga, sidaa daraadeed waxa calaf looga dhigi jiray Faraska labka ah iyo Ratiga kolka la rabo inay dheddigooda abaahiyaan. 5- Basasha:- Basashu Geedka waykicisaa, xawadana ama biyaha ayeyna kordhisaa. 6- Baqdooniska (Parsley):- Waxaaba loo yaqaan Vitamiinka ubad dhalista. 7- Timirta:- Timirta waxaa ku jira Vitamiin D, madhalaysnimada ka hortaga, waxanay culimada qaar u yaqaannaan (Vitamiinka Taranka). 8- Jarjiirka (Rocket):- Waxa uu kordhiyaa samayska xawada ama minada iyo awoodda jinsiyeed ee ragga kordhisa qofkii ay biyihiisa iyo shaqadiisabadantahay ay dumarka u yiqnaan rag rag dhaafay, 9- Karootada, Waxay gacan ka geysataa daaweynta tabar-darrida guud ee jirka oo ay ku jirto ta jinsigu. 10- Karafiska (Gelery):- Waa firfircooneeye jinsiyeed fariid ah,waxaana loo isticmaalaa ansalaato ahaan. 11- Xabbat Sowdada:- Xawada ayay kordhisaa. 12- Heylka:- Heylka ay Soomaalidu shaaha ku darsadaan, waxa uu firfircooneeyaa wareegga dhiigga iyo rabitaanka jinsi ee qofka. 13- Sacfaraanka:- Ubaxa Sacfaraanka waxaa ku jira maaddooyin kordhiya awoodda jinsiga. 14- Lowska: Lowska (Fuul Suudaaniga) isaga waxaan lagulatartameyn kordhinta tirada iyo tayada xawada, iyadoy weliba intaa u dheer tahay kacsiga ninka iyo culayskiisa oo uu kordhiyo. 15- Sanjabiilka: Sanjabiilku caarkana wuu adkeeyaa calooshana jilciyaa, wuxuuna si gaar ah u cajabiyaa ragga cimrigoodu hore u batay. 16- Cabitaannada. Cabitaannada qaar baa jira kordhiya xawada, mar walba oo uu ninku cabana kacsi la miyir beelo , waxana uguhorreeya Qorfaha iyo Xulbada,

Galmada iyo kacsiga

Borotiinnada laga helo cuntooyinka ay kamidka yihiin Hilibka cad sida Kalluunka iyo Digaagga iyo weliba Caanaha iyoFarmaajada cadi waxa ay sameeyaan hormoonno kordhiyakacsiga iyo rabitaanka ragga ee ku wajahan dumarka inay la sameyaan ciyaar macaan, Hadaba Vitamiin A waxa uu kamid yahay waxyaabaha aan looga maarmin tamarsiinta habdhiska taranka ninka, isaga oo awood siiya qanjirka Borostaatka iyo Qooraha, kana qaybgala cusbooneysiinta unugyada dhinta iyo dardargelinta kuwa tabarta daran Fitamiin A waxa uu ka buuxaa Karootada iyo khudaarta iyo furutada fareeshka ah inteeda badan ee keena dar darta xoogan, Hasa ahaatee vitamiin B1 isagu waxa uu gacan ka geeystaa xoojinta qanjirrada taranka iyo firfircooneynta insiimada qabta shaqooyinka bayolojiyeed ee jirka. Ninka uu fitamiinkaasi ku yaryahay waxaa ku dhaca tabar-darri, rabitaan la’aan iyo geedka oo ka raaracsama hawshii galmadana si wanaagsan u gudan waaya. Vitimiin D, waxaa loogu yeeraa (Fitamiinka Jinsiga), maxaa yeelay waxa uu kamid yahay waxyaabaha ugu waxtarka badan ee lagu daaweeyo madhalaysnimada. Wuxuu door weyn ka cayaaraa daryeelka tubbooyinka xawada ee ku jira xiniinyaha ragga, yaraantiisuna ugu badan ee ragga madhalaysnimada ku dhaliya. Fitamiinka waxa laga helaa khudaarta caleenleyda ah iyo Firileyda sida Qamadiga. Hadaba Cuntooyinka la caddeeyey waxtarkooda waxa ugu horreeya kuwa caloosha dhaqso ugu shiidma, jirkana degdeg uga baxa sida tan, 1- Kalluunka iyo Aragoostada’Waxay kamid yihiinwaxyaabaha Borotiinnada iyo Vitamiinnada laga helo kuwa ugu wanaagsan qeeyb weyne ka qaata kulanka adag ee sariirta, 2- Hilibka Digaagga iyo Ukunta:- Degdeg bay xiidmaha ugu shiidmaan, xawadana waa ay kordhiyaan. 3- Digaaga,nooca Dagiiranka, hilibkoodu waxa uu hilibkoodu faa’iido gaar ah u leeyahay bekra-jebinta, waxaana arrintaasi bariga dhexe laga ogaaday kumanaan sano kahor. Masaaridu ilaa iyo maantadaan lajoogo qoyska cusub hilibka Shimbiraha uunbay uqooshaan habeenka aqalgalka, 4- Xummuska, Xumuska keligii ama isagoo malab lagu iidaamay. Caalimkii la oran jiray Ibnu Siinaa waxa uu qoray in Xummusku kordhiyo ragannimada iyo rabitaanka jinsiga, sidaa daraadeed waxa calaf looga dhigi jiray Faraska labka ah iyo Ratiga kolka la rabo inay dheddigooda abaahiyaan. 5- Basasha:- Basashu Geedka waykicisaa, xawadana ama biyaha ayeyna kordhisaa. 6- Baqdooniska (Parsley):- Waxaaba loo yaqaan Vitamiinka ubad dhalista. 7- Timirta:- Timirta waxaa ku jira Vitamiin D, madhalaysnimada ka hortaga, waxanay culimada qaar u yaqaannaan (Vitamiinka Taranka). 8- Jarjiirka (Rocket):- Waxa uu kordhiyaa samayska xawada ama minada iyo awoodda jinsiyeed ee ragga kordhisa qofkii ay biyihiisa iyo shaqadiisabadantahay ay dumarka u yiqnaan rag rag dhaafay, 9- Karootada, Waxay gacan ka geysataa daaweynta tabar-darrida guud ee jirka oo ay ku jirto ta jinsigu. 10- Karafiska (Gelery):- Waa firfircooneeye jinsiyeed fariid ah,waxaana loo isticmaalaa ansalaato ahaan. 11- Xabbat Sowdada:- Xawada ayay kordhisaa. 12- Heylka:- Heylka ay Soomaalidu shaaha ku darsadaan, waxa uu firfircooneeyaa wareegga dhiigga iyo rabitaanka jinsi ee qofka. 13- Sacfaraanka:- Ubaxa Sacfaraanka waxaa ku jira maaddooyin kordhiya awoodda jinsiga. 14- Lowska: Lowska (Fuul Suudaaniga) isaga waxaan lagulatartameyn kordhinta tirada iyo tayada xawada, iyadoy weliba intaa u dheer tahay kacsiga ninka iyo culayskiisa oo uu kordhiyo. 15- Sanjabiilka: Sanjabiilku caarkana wuu adkeeyaa calooshana jilciyaa, wuxuuna si gaar ah u cajabiyaa ragga cimrigoodu hore u batay. 16- Cabitaannada. Cabitaannada qaar baa jira kordhiya xawada, mar walba oo uu ninku cabana kacsi la miyir beelo , waxana uguhorreeya Qorfaha iyo Xulbada,

Cilmiga beeraha

Brown leaves are fairly common on many house plants. Keep in mind that it might be perfectly natural for lower leaves on your plant to first turn pale yellow, then brown and then drop off. This happens on many kinds of tropical plants as they grow. Over time, the plant will form a bare stem. However, in some cases, brown leaves are a sign of cultural problems. If it seems like a lot of leaves are falling off—or if many leaves turn brown at once, or the upper leaves start browning—you may have one of the following problems: *. Not enough light. If lower leaves start turning brown or yellow, the plant might not be receiving enough light. If the discoloration is isolated to the side of the plant away from your light source, it's probably too little light. *. Too much heat. This often occurs in conjunction with too little water, but too much heat will cause leaves to curl, become crinkly and then fall off. If the plant is also wilting, try increasing water. If the rest of the leaves are healthy, introduce some air flow to cool the plant off. *. Too little water. Underwatered plants will first wilt, and then the leaves will brown and fall off. This most often happens from the bottom up, but it might also start on outer leaves on more bushy plants. *. Too little humidity. If the browning is confined to the leaf tip, and the leaf margin is still green, it's possible the plant isn't receiving enough humidity. If it's a tropical plant with a high humidity requirement, try increasing misting.Too little humidity may also cause black spots to form on leaves.>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> If you see mealy bugs on your plants,there are several control options: *. Wash them away. Mealy bugs can be dislodged with a steady stream of water. Repeat the treatment as necessary. This is best for light infestations. *. Insecticidal soap. Insecticidal soapsare available on the market (such as Safer's Insecticidal Soap), or you can make your own by using a dish detergent such as Ivory Liquid. Try to find a product free of perfumes and additives that might harm plants. Mix the soap in a weak concentration with water (starting a 1 teaspoon per gallon and increasing as necessary). Spray on plants. *. Neem oil. Neem oil is derived from the neem tree. Use according to label instructions. In addition to its insecticidal properties, neem is alsoa fungicide and has systemic benefits (meaning the plant absorbs it so it can control insects it doesn't directly contact). According to the Environmental Protection Association, neem is safe for use onvegetables and food plants as well as ornamentals. *. Kitchen insect spray. This all-purpose insect spray was developed by the editors of OrganicGardening magazine and came to me by way of Rodale's Organic Gardener's Handbook of Natural Insect and Disease Control . To make a batch, combine 1 garlic bulb, 1 small onion, and 1 teaspoonof cayenne pepper in a food processor or blender and process into a paste. Mix into 1 quart of water and steep for 1 hour. Strain through a cheesecloth and add 1 tablespoon of liquid dish soap. Mix well. The mixture can be stored for up to 1 week in the refrigerator. A number of stronger insecticides areapproved for use against mealybugs,as well as beneficial insects such as beetles ( Cryptolaemus montrouzieri ) and parasitic wasps ( Leptomastix dactylopii ). However, stronger pesticides can cause a danger to petsand humans, and few indoor gardeners are keen on releasing beetles and wasps in their homes. These biological controls may be better suited to greenhouse cultivation. If an infestation cannot be controlledafter two or three weekly applications of insecticide, consider destroying the plant before the mealybugs spread to other plants in your home.>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Mildew/ fungus on my orange Agricultural Insecticide Emamectin Benzoate (90% TC)>>>>>>>>>>>>> dihydromorin (2.51%) and the stilbene oxyresveratrol (2.65%).>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> XENO FACTORS: Flavones: Isoflavones: Stilbenes: Flavonones: Chalcones: Quercetin osajin Resveratrol Naringenin Butein Pentahydroxyflavone scandenone Piceatannol Dihydromorin Isoliquiritigen Kaempferol auriculasin Deoxyrhapontin Pentahydroxychalcone Apigenin pomiferin Oxyresveratrol isobavachalcone Fisetin Tetrahydroxystilbenes Tetrahydroxyflavone Luteolin Hydroxyapigenin>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Mature orange trees do not require sprays. Sprays correct nutrient deficiencies, kill whiteflies and other pests, and reduce weeds around orange trees. Once citrus trees are established, in about one to two years after planting, they require little upkeep and rarely need any spray applications. Avoid spraying citrus during hot, dry or windy conditions. Spray concentrations differ by product so it is important to read labels and follow application directions carefully. 1. Foliar Sprays *. Use a foliar spray to treat orange trees for magnesium, zinc or manganese deficiencies. Symptomsof magnesium deficiency include yellow blotches along the midribs of mature leaves. Leaves near the fruit exhibit symptoms most commonly. Adjust the soil pH of magnesium deficient trees to a range of 6.0 to 6.5 and spray young leaves in spring with magnesium nitrate before they harden off. Paleyellow to white leaves with irregular green bands along the midrib characterize a zinc deficiency. Apply zinc sulfate, oxide, or nitrate sprays to spring flush leaves before they harden off.Manganese deficiency often follows cold winters. Symptoms include dark green bands along themidrib of the leaf and lateral veins with light green areas between theveins. Spray manganese compounds on young leaves beforethey are fully opened to correct a deficiency. 2. Copper Fungicides *. Apply copper fungicide sprays to orange trees with alternaria, citrus scab or greasy spot. Trees infected with alternaria exhibit blackening leaf veins surrounded by dark lesions. Corky outgrowths on leaves, shoots and fruit characterize citrus scab. Blister spots on lower leaf surfaces and yellow spots on upper leaves are symptoms of greasy spot. To treat alternaria and citrus scab, apply copper fungicide to spring flush leaves when they are 1/4 to 1/2 open. Apply copper to the undersides of leaves when treatingfor greasy spot. 3. Insecticidal Soaps *. Insecticidal soap sprays kill pests on orange trees on contact and have no residual effect on the plant. These products are approved for organic gardening. Insecticidal soaps disrupt cell membranes of pests, such as aphids, mealybugs, whiteflies and spider mites. Improper concentrations and overuse can cause phytotoxicity in citrus trees so it is important to read and follow the directions carefully when using insecticidal soaps. The University of Colorado Extension office recommends diluting insecticidal soaps two to three times more than label instructions suggest to reduce risk of injury to plants. Insecticidal soaps can be made from dish soaps,but these are more likely to cause injury to trees and are not as effective as commercial products if not mixed properly. 4. Horticultural Oils *. Horticultural oils provide effective treatment for several citrus pests, including citrus psyllid and citrus rust mite. Neem and other oils do not kill beneficial insects, have a low toxicity to vertebrates and break down quickly in the environment. Symptoms of citrus psyllid include distortion and curling of young leaves and sooty mold resulting from honeydew excretions. Fruit infested with citrusrust mite turns rust colored and gradually blackens. Because horticultural oils work on contact, they require frequent application for effectiveness. However, they should not be applied to trees when temperatures exceed 90 degrees Fahrenheit. 5. Water *. Dislodge aphids, whiteflies and ants from orange trees with a forceful spray of water. Spray over and under the leaves for best results. Spray the tree for several days to discourage pests from returning. This treatment does not remove eggs which may be hiding on the underside of leaves or buried in the soil

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Ninka Isku Jilciya Xaaskiisa oo la Ogaaday in Qoyskoodu Waaro (Hadhwanaagnews) Sunday, May 05, 2013 Arizona (HWN)-?Inaad noqoto nin xaaskiisa u nugul oo la qabta hawlaha guriga, waxay arrintaasi kuu horseedaysaa inaad ku guulaysato oo qoyskaagu waaro, wax khilaaf ahna idinka dhex qarxin adiga iyo ooridaada oo aan cid kale Arizona (HWN)-?Inaad noqoto nin xaaskiisa u nugul oo la qabta hawlaha guriga, waxay arrintaasi kuu horseedaysaa inaad ku guulaysato oo qoyskaagu waaro, wax khilaaf ahna idinka dhex qarxin adiga iyo ooridaada oo aan cid kale idin soo kala dhex gelin.? Sidaa waxaku dhawaaqay khubaro cilmiga arrimaha bulshada ku takhasustay oo ka tirsan Jaamacadda Arizona ee dalka Maraykanka. ?Haddii odayga reerku uu noqdo nin adag oo aan u jilicsanayn gabadhiisawaxay keentaa in inta badan buuq iyo sawaxan joogto ah dhexmaro lammaanahaas oo aanay marna heshiis, murankooduna bato,? ayey khubaradu ku yidhaahdeen daraasad cusub oo ay dhowaan soo saareen. Mrs. Casey Totenhagen iyo kooxda cilmi-baadhistan la diyaaryey oo maalin kasta xog-ururin ka qaadayey 154 lammaane oo is-guursaday iyo qaar aan weli is-mehersan oo xidhiidhkooda jacayl socday 6 bilood ilaa 44 sannadood, iyagoo diiwaangelinayey dhammaan dhaqdhaqaaqyada nololeed ee ay sameeyaan, kadibna waxa la weydiinayey lammaanaha isku faraxsan ee muddada dheer wada joogay iyo waqtiga ay isu keliyeystaan. Maxsuulka soo baxay xog-ururintaas ayaa waxa uu noqday in lammaanaha hawsha guriga wada qabta, waqtiyo gaar ahna wada sheekaysta ee sida fiican u kaftama inay noloshooda dambe isku waaraan oo aan marna muran kala fogeeya soo dhexgelin, gaar ahaan waxay cilmi-baadhistu ragga u soo jeedisay inay u beer nugladaan xaasaskooda nolosha la wadagayaan. ?Lammaanayaasha isku buuqa waa kuwa aan hadallada naxariista ah inta badan ku hadal ee aan kaftankawadaagin, balse sida noo soo baxay lammaanaha kaftan wadaaga ah ee saygu xaaskiisa hawsha guriga wax kala qabto waxay noqdaan qaar aan weligood kala fogaan, wadka oo kala kaxeeya mooyaane,? ayey tidhi Totenhagen

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Garashada dayoowdaay Isma dhaanta dirirtaay Dibjir wada sarkhaamoo Darandoori laba dhinac Danab iyo madaafiic Magaaladii ku dumisaay Xageebaad hadhoow dagi Taladaba kumeey darin War hooy aan idiin digo Ha la is dilo xal ma ahee Dadku nolol ha raadshee Sida maad ka daysaan Armeey digasho reebtaa Dib armeey u eedaa Dagaalkii sokeeyaha Armeey caro is dooxdaa Sida duulki algu rogay Armaa daadku qaadaa Armeey dawgashiyo taah Hurdadaba la diidaa Taladaba kumeey darin War hooy aan idiin digo Ha la is dilo xal ma ahee Dadku nolol ha raadshee Sida maad ka daaysaan Xal beey waayi doontaa Dhalanbaabi beey noqon Mawjadaa daf siinoo Waxa sidii dabeylaha Dar xumeey ku noolaan Kala durugsanaantiyo Waa waxa loogu dawgalay Dacar ineey kabootee Taladaba kumeey darin Waa waxa loogu dawgalay Ineey dacar kabootee Taladaba kumeey darin War hooy aan idiin digo Ha la is dilo xalma ahee Dadku nolol ha raadshee Sida maad ka daysaan Taladaba kumeey darin Abaayo Ibrahim Baadil Iyo Faadumo Duur Kal gacalyka geeskaaga abaayo adna yaanu ku gees marine abaayo giijiyoo hasii deynin abaayo Faaduma Duur Kalgacaylkii guumoowyee aboowe igu noqey maguuraane aboowe gal galsho hurdadii nacaye aboowe Ibrahim Baadil Kal gacalyka geeskaaga abaayo adna yaanu ku gees marine abaayo giijiyoo hasii deynin abaayo Faaduma Duur Garanuug sideediiyeey aboowe kali socoto moyaane aboowe ma salaamo gacalkeeye aboowe Ibrahim Baadil Galabta caawa aheey farxadiyo damashaadkani guri galkeena weeyaane Faaduma Duur Mar hadaynu galabtaba goobeyney sheekadiiyeey caawa aan gam'aayaaye Ibrahim Baadil Galabta caawa aheey farxadiyo damashaadkani guri galkeena weeyaane Faaduma Duur Mar hadaynu galabtaba Ibrahim Baadil Waliba caano iyo waliiba caan iyo guulahaan ka barinaye sidaa garo gacaladaay sidaa garo gacaladaay Faaduma Duur Gurkaagu waa sharaf gurkeynu waa sharaf guri barwaaqiyo gabadh guulehay hanagu simo Beyddka Labbad Ibrahim Baadil Gacmahaagu waa dahabey abaayo wardigan fargashiga ahay abaayo iga guudoon oridaydaay abaayo Faaduma Duur Muuqa isla gaba xidhiye aboowe leylana god ka u dhigay aboowe cilmina geesaha u dhigay aboowe Ibrahim Baadil Gacmahaagu waa dahabey abaayo wardigan fargashiga ahay abaayo iga guudoon oridaydaay abaayo Faaduma Duur Kaa gudoomey aniguye aboowe geedkeena caashaqey aboowe midhihiisii maan gurane aboowe Ibrahim Baadil Gidigood haweenkoo idil adaan kaa gacloodoo gooni kuu ahaadee Faaduma Duur Mar hadaynu galabtaba goobeyney sheekadiiyeey caawa aan gam aayaaye Ibrahim Baadil Gidigood haweenkoo idil adaan kaa gacloodoo gooni kuu ahaadee Faaduma Duur Mar hadaynu galabtaba goobeyney sheekadiiyeey caawa aan gam aayaaye Ibrahim Baadil Waliba caano iyo waliiba caan iyo guulahaan ka barinaye sidaa garo gacaladaay sidaa garo gacaladaay Faaduma Duur Gurkaagu waa sharaf gurkeynu waa sharaf guri barwaaqiyo gabadh guulehay hanagu simo Ibrahim Baadil Waliba caano iyo waliiba caan iyo guulahaan ka barinaye sidaa garo gacaladaay sidaa garo gacaladaay Faaduma Duur Gurkaagu waa sharaf gurkeynu waa sharaf guri barwaaqiyo gabadh guulehay hanagu simo. Dhoof nooli kulantee Kuluc Jacaylkan I dhaawacey Jaceylkan idhalan rogey Jacaylkan idhaansadey Jaceylkii dhabta ahaa Soo dhawaatey halistii Markaad iga dhaqaaqdee Bal inaan ku dhiirado Dhexdaan xidhanayaa Malmal baan dhiteeysanee Dhoof nooli kulantee Ha dhalantaalin caashaqa Dhakso iigu soo noqo. Magool Anba dhiigu kama fulo Dhanbaal wadaha beerkoo Sidaan dhaxal u yeeshuu Idhex dagey ma guuree Waxan dhuuni ka cunaa Dhan dhanaansi kaliyee Way dhaamisaa weel Ilmada iga dhaceeysaa Dhabankayga qooysee Dhawr nabad kusii joog Ha dhantaalin caashaqa Dhakhso waan usoo noqon. Kuluc Dhaqaaq toobiyaha qaad Dhulku taago taago Dharaartuna dalaalimo Malaa igao ku dhawroo Wax ku dhiba ilaahey Kuuma soo dhaweeyee Gaadiidkana mid aan dhicin Dheeliyeen usii raac Dhakhso meel walba u taga Dhoof nooli kulantee Ha dhantaalin caashaqa Dhakhso iigusoo noqo. Magool Jacayl aan dhamaaneyn Jacayl aan I dhaafeeyn Dhuuxiyo wadnaha galey Jacaylkii dhulkeeygiyo Halkan igu dhibaayaan Debed u dhoofinayaa Waan soo dhiibi doonaa Dhanbaal iyo waraaqo aan Dhiig kusoo qoraayee Dhawr nabad kusii joog Ha dhantaalin caashaqa Dhakhso waan usoo noqon. waxaan sida u dhibta yar idiinku soo gudbineynaa heesihiina afka soomaaliyeed si aad uga haqab beeshaan micno iyo nuxurba Cajebey cajiib tubeec Cajebey cajiibeey Cawo iyo ayaaneey Caqligaad xadaysaa sida geed cal iyo buur dheer Carro-hodan ku yaalloo Cokanoo irmaanoo Dhirta kale ka caynoo Hoobaan casuus lihi Laamaha is-celisoo Ubaxuna tin iyo cidhib Kaga dhigay cabbaadhyiyo Dusha sare caleentii Cidhifka is la gaadhaan Biyo wada cabteenoo Haddaan lay cadaabayn Rabbi ii cadhoonayn Dadku in ku caashaqo Madowgiyo caddaankuba Ku caleemo saaraan Sow kuma canaanteen Cad waxaad wadaagtaan Dhulka oo cagaarloo Cosobkii is gaadhiyo Cagta meel la saaroon La cuskado la haynoo Fiid cawl horaantii Cirka oo daruuruhu Ku dhigeen canjiidaha Dayixiyo cadceeduna Cidhifyada ka joogaan Sagal caasha saaraad Biyo wada cabteenoo Haddaan lay cadaabayn Rabbi ii cadhoonayn Dadku in ku caashaqo Madowgiyo caddaankuba Ku caleemo saaraan Sow kuma canaanteen Sida faras cag fududoo Cadda horor yaqaannoo Gulufkiyo colaadaha Ninka lihi cad goostaa Raggu kuu cugtamayaa Cimri dherer hadhkaagaan Inay kula caweyaan Culimada jacaylkee Cawdeyda gooysee Ii cadaadinaysaa U calool yoobayaa Biyo wada cabteenoo Haddaan lay cadaabayn Rabbi ii cadhoonayn Dadku in ku caashaqo Madowgiyo caddaankuba Ku caleemo saaraan Sow kuma canaanteen balaan kula Dardaarmee sahra Axmed Dawadii nafteydoow balaan kula dardaarmee dabuubtaan ku leeyahey ku daabaco qalbiga oo waligaa hasii deyn duushayee allow nabadey qoraxduna dalaalimo ee caashaqana daadihi waliga hasii deyn Xassan Adan Darmaan taan jeclaayey balaan kula dardaarmee dantu wada jir weeyee docdaada yey ka beylihin anna teyda igu daa dunida oo barwaaqa ahey dalka nabad ku sii joogee caashaqana daadihi waligaa hasii deyn Sahra Axmed Dayaxii iftiimow balaan kula dardaarmee dumarkana adoo kale ta heshaa ma deysee dookhaaga ka adkow duushayee allow nabadey qoraxduna dalaalima ee caashaqana daadihi waliga hasii deyn Xassan Adan Deymada u rooney balaan kula dardaarmee kuwa loogu dow-galey labadii is doortee kala dila dadka is jecel ayaaney isku keen dirine dunida oo barwaaqa ahey dalka nabad ku sii joogee caashaqana daadihi waligaa hasii deyn mudantii ahweynkay maxamed mooge Mudantii haweenkaay marwadii la sheegee dadku wada majiirtaay dumar lama mid dhigayee muxubada kal gacalkaa laanyahay magooshee midhihiyo caleentiyo manka lagu talaalee ubax lagu mariimee qurux lagu manaystaay mudo aan yarayn baan kugu soo maqnaayoo ma ogtahay habeenadan sida mayayga roobkoo hadba maayad keenaa ii muuqa taayee muxibada kalgacalka hadba soo mir kacayaa Midhaha hadalku leeyey ereygiisa ma huraan waana loo mashxaradaa midaa taaladeedaa igu mayracaysaa marti waa la sooraa magan waa la bixiyaa haw udhuran masuuge maahmaahda sheegtayoo dhibtan ha igu madinine mudo aan yarayn baan kugu soo maqnaayoo ma ogtahay habeenadan sida mayayga roobkoo hadba maayad keenaa ii muuqa taayo muxibada jacaylka hadba soo mir kacayaa Masalooyin dhawroo mahadhooyideedaan kuu marinayaaye maqal waanadaydanoo miisaan warkeygoo caynkii xalaytoon waaba midhiq ii odhan madaxaanba duubtee naftu way ku maagtayoo kaa maar mi waydayee mudo aan yaraynbaan kugu soo maqnaayoo ma ogtahay habeenada sida mayayga roobkoo hadba maayad keenaa ii muuqa taayo muxibada jacaylkaa Cabdi Tahliil Onkod roobku madaayo aarna taaha madaayo anna taa ma ilaawoo jacayl ood rogan maayo oon hilaac bi in maayo ayro weerar madaayo ninlihi aamusi maaayo ergo geesi madiidoo ilaah tiisu ma oosho calaf la iska ma ooto ubax dayr ma qarsoomo godka lay iskuma aayo ifka la isu tudhaayee iilka la isma gar gargaroo aboor la iskama baajee nabsi hayga amaahan axdigii ina dhex yiiliyo ha iloobin aqoontee. Asaagay usha toosan iyo ooda hagaagsan hayiinkii asabaadee madigii afar deeqa inantiina ilwaadsan ee asluubi u dheer tahay sidaan u asteysto kuu eegana yaaye hadaan aamin idhaahdo waa aqoonta haweene oo rag iiga danbeeyo halka ay ka cawayso uur ku taalada maada arimidiisa jacaylka anigu soo dhaxli maayo nabsi hay iga amaahan axdigii ina dhex yiiliyo ha iloobin aqoontee. Sida oogta hilaaca ileyskeeda cadceeda amaantaada libaaxa malaa waanad ogeyne ayaan uurkiyo maanka wadnahayga agtiisa sida aayad ku taalaa uumiyaha u tusaayee haadii aanu ibleysku iga kaa anbineynin inaad ii tudhi weydo eegi maayo koley arin kuuma hambeynee araartii haku deeqdo sina hayga adkeysan nabsi hayga amaahan axdigii ina dhexyiiliyo ha iloobin aqoontee Waxaan ahay Bukaan Socod Lafoole Nimanyahoow dad lama beero mana baxo sidii geed ma ogtahihiin barbaarteenu beec iyo xaraashaa maha naf hadaad bilaash moodeen dhul batrool ku jira maaha macdan buur dusheed taala qiimiga in badan dheere kaligeey hadii aan bo ay hadii aan baroor diiqo baaqa yaa ila garan doona waxa aan ahay bukaan socod e. Nimanyahoow bulshada eega qubuurahana soo booqda inta wiil laxaad beeley bukaan socodka tiro gooba waloon beeni soconeeynin beelina wax tari mayso xukun baadil lagu raadshey dhibta looga bixi maayo kaligeey hadaan bo ay hadii aan baroor diiqo baaqa yaa ila garan doona waxa aan ahay bukaan socod e Nimanyahoow Alle ayaa boqora cilmi iyo awood badan leh bismilaahibaa dawo ah Bogo daya kitaabka badrad anaa xoog leh iyo baawir lagu faano Bukaase iyo Namruud iyo Illeeyn hawl ku bogn waaye Kaligeey hadaan Bo ay hadii aan baroor diiqo baaqa yaa ila garan doona waxa aan ahay bukaan socod e Views: 11489 Like Share Twitter Comment You need to be a member of Aduun to add comments! Join Aduun Comment by mustafe maxamed xusen on January 13, 2011at 2:04am lafoole asluub dumar iyo xisood aqoon iyo qurux haween marwadii eebahay asaageed dhaafiyaay ilayskii nuurayaay ishaa ii macalinee gayaanka adoo qudhaan naftayda ku aaminee adkaysaye inoo adkee Comment by mustafe maxamed xusen on January 13, 2011at 2:01am ninba wuxu ku taamaa ama hees u tiriyaa tixi gabay ku sheegaa halka lagu talaalee hawadiisu talaalee uurkiisu tabayee Comment by c/shakuur maxamed c/laahi mire on August 7, 2010 at 2:01am waa gabaygan soo socda waxa tiriyey c/shakuur maxamed c/laahi mire inan yahay daruur tiyo biyaha dahab la moodee u eeg dooga soo baxay dallawada rag foofsaday nimaan duunyo weli dhaqan daarana useesnayn hayeeshee cishqigu dagay dadna adiga kuu jecel dawadiis ma garataa mise inaad dalxiistiyo waxaad haybsataan dibad iyo dalaal shisheeyoo ma danaysid sheekada ubax yahaw dilaacee aan dabaysha aragee dayac laga ilaashoow xidig yahay da'deedii daayinkeedu dhaafshee qurux loogu deeqaay aawada halyeey dilan Comment by mulki haji on June 21, 2010 at 1:38pm jamaaljaamac05@hotmail.comMudantii haweenkaay marwadii la sheegee dadku wada majiirtaay dumar lama mid dhigayee muxubada kal gacalkaa laanyahay magooshee midhihiyo caleentiyo manka lagu talaalee ubax lagu mariimee qurux lagu manaystaay mudo aan yarayn baan kugu soo maqnaayoo ma ogtahay habeenadan sida mayayga roobkoo hadba maayad keenaa ii muuqa taayee muxibada kalgacalka hadba soo mir kacayaa Comment by mxirse on April 14, 2010 at 1:09am oll tx waad ku bahad santehiin rayegiina wanaagsan Comment by liibaan daauud caalin on April 13, 2010 at 11:44pm Ilbaxsanida hadalkiyo dagananto inan yahay waa waxaa dareentiyo nafta dammac galiyo kaga dortay kher dugsi dhaxanti ciliyoo dawadaaiitahax wadigoo daldheer jiraan halkan ka darema macanto wanku jeclahay Comment by dalmar maxamed cabdalla on April 3, 2010 at 1:11pm alla mahad le awood adagleh aduunyada nin noolow maxaa aragtay kuu laaban Comment by indha deeraley on March 31, 2010 at 11:34am asc belo cml

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maryuu u muuqda indhaha magane aragaa tahoo mohashada kalgacalkey ku mililicaanoo sida mayay aroor da,ay adigaa milkiyo sharaf maaxaya dhigoo nafta meyracaaye miirkii nafteydow kala maarmi meynee sida laba matanaa matanaa aan mideyno caashaqa mareer baxayoo magooloo munadi ubaxa tahoo maamuusta aragaa maanshe wax dheertahe meel joogsigaagiyo muuqaaga quruxda leh muraaqooday goortaan mahaadada xasuuste miirkii nafteydow kala maarmi meynee sida laba matanaa matanaa aan mideyno caashaqa>>>>>>>>>> Inanyahaw jamaalka iyo Jaaha lagu manaaystay Sidaan kuu jeclanahay Jahwareeray aniguye hee hee X2 Doogi iyo ilwaadaa Isoo jiidanayoo Meeshii aad joogtaa Jabaq iiga yeedhaa X2 Maalmo.com Jiro iyo walaac baa Naftaydi Jikaaroo Jaamjaamay maante X2 Naftaydaa ku jamaate Nolol kaa jeclaate Kuu jeda adigoo Jirif kaa sugaysee Jaanta ha iga hayn X2 Qays iyo Laylaaa iilka jiifee Ha i jabinin nacabkee Ha i jabinin Ha i jabinin nacabkee Jihadayda soo eeg>>>>>>>>>>>>> Maalmaha qaloocaa Hadii ay kaa marooraan Waa muraayad waayuhu Caashaqu ka muuqdee Marbaan sida mayeedhaan Mudo aamusaayoo Isha midhiq ka siiyaa Maalmo.com Mar waxaan idhaahdaa Siday tahey mar curad geel Ilmii mawdku kal tagey Maqaarsaarka ciidaa Yaa maali jirayeey Marbaan mawjadaha dheer Maaxaa dhexdoodoo Muuqeyga la arkaa Laakiinse aan maqanahey Intaasoo marxaladood Anigoo kasoo marey Ma huraan dhulkeeniyo Ayan manta ka horow Ma higaanku igu dhicin. Waayaha ma duugaa Hadii uu kaa madawyahey Waa uguryo deebaaq Caashaqa martiyayee Marbaan mudanta ciida Cadaw iga magoodiyey Muragadeeda la ooyaa Mar waxan idhaahdaa Rag naftiisa mooyee Maaree dhibaate Mintidoo is diidsii Muhashana sidkaa filo Marbaan malaha beentaa Muuq maryo u xidhey Maaweeliyaayoo Laakiinse ay maqantahey Intaasoo marxaladood Anigoo kasoo marey Muharaan dhulkeeniyo Ma naxaanka caashaqa Ayaan manta ka horow Mahuraanku igu dhicin>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Gobaadee galacalkii Gudaheena yaaliyo Gogashaan atkeestaa Gunto olal ka baxisoo Geedu adigu maahee Maxaa guriga ii galay Hebishii jacaylkaan Gaadiid sidiisi Ku sidaa garabaha Gacalooy sidii baan Gaabaha u cunayaa Adiguna hagaagaxin Anna guurimaayee Maalmo.com Gobbadee igama go’in Guri yakleedahe Daarahan astaantii Gaarka kuu ahaydiyo Guri labo galkaakii Nin ogaabaa garan karo Heshii jacaylkaan Gaadiid sidiisi Ku sidaa garabaha Gacaylayoo sidii Gaabaha u cunayaa Adiguna hagaagaxin Anna guurimaayee

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maryuu u muuqda indhaha magane aragaa tahoo mohashada kalgacalkey ku mililicaanoo sida mayay aroor da,ay adigaa milkiyo sharaf maaxaya dhigoo nafta meyracaaye miirkii nafteydow kala maarmi meynee sida laba matanaa matanaa aan mideyno caashaqa mareer baxayoo magooloo munadi ubaxa tahoo maamuusta aragaa maanshe wax dheertahe meel joogsigaagiyo muuqaaga quruxda leh muraaqooday goortaan mahaadada xasuuste miirkii nafteydow kala maarmi meynee sida laba matanaa matanaa aan mideyno caashaqa>>>>>>>>>> Inanyahaw jamaalka iyo Jaaha lagu manaaystay Sidaan kuu jeclanahay Jahwareeray aniguye hee hee X2 Doogi iyo ilwaadaa Isoo jiidanayoo Meeshii aad joogtaa Jabaq iiga yeedhaa X2 Maalmo.com Jiro iyo walaac baa Naftaydi Jikaaroo Jaamjaamay maante X2 Naftaydaa ku jamaate Nolol kaa jeclaate Kuu jeda adigoo Jirif kaa sugaysee Jaanta ha iga hayn X2 Qays iyo Laylaaa iilka jiifee Ha i jabinin nacabkee Ha i jabinin Ha i jabinin nacabkee Jihadayda soo eeg>>>>>>>>>>>>> Maalmaha qaloocaa Hadii ay kaa marooraan Waa muraayad waayuhu Caashaqu ka muuqdee Marbaan sida mayeedhaan Mudo aamusaayoo Isha midhiq ka siiyaa Maalmo.com Mar waxaan idhaahdaa Siday tahey mar curad geel Ilmii mawdku kal tagey Maqaarsaarka ciidaa Yaa maali jirayeey Marbaan mawjadaha dheer Maaxaa dhexdoodoo Muuqeyga la arkaa Laakiinse aan maqanahey Intaasoo marxaladood Anigoo kasoo marey Ma huraan dhulkeeniyo Ayan manta ka horow Ma higaanku igu dhicin. Waayaha ma duugaa Hadii uu kaa madawyahey Waa uguryo deebaaq Caashaqa martiyayee Marbaan mudanta ciida Cadaw iga magoodiyey Muragadeeda la ooyaa Mar waxan idhaahdaa Rag naftiisa mooyee Maaree dhibaate Mintidoo is diidsii Muhashana sidkaa filo Marbaan malaha beentaa Muuq maryo u xidhey Maaweeliyaayoo Laakiinse ay maqantahey Intaasoo marxaladood Anigoo kasoo marey Muharaan dhulkeeniyo Ma naxaanka caashaqa Ayaan manta ka horow Mahuraanku igu dhicin>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Gobaadee galacalkii Gudaheena yaaliyo Gogashaan atkeestaa Gunto olal ka baxisoo Geedu adigu maahee Maxaa guriga ii galay Hebishii jacaylkaan Gaadiid sidiisi Ku sidaa garabaha Gacalooy sidii baan Gaabaha u cunayaa Adiguna hagaagaxin Anna guurimaayee Maalmo.com Gobbadee igama go’in Guri yakleedahe Daarahan astaantii Gaarka kuu ahaydiyo Guri labo galkaakii Nin ogaabaa garan karo Heshii jacaylkaan Gaadiid sidiisi Ku sidaa garabaha Gacaylayoo sidii Gaabaha u cunayaa Adiguna hagaagaxin Anna guurimaayee

Insecticides

INSECTICIDES Acephate Acetamiprid Alphacypermethrin Cartaphydrochloride Chlorpyriphos Cypermethrin Deltamethrin Dichlorovos Dicofol Dimethoate Endosulfan Ethion Fenvalerate Fipronil Imidaclorpid Lambda Cyhalothrin Malathion Monocrotophos Permethrin Profenofos Propoxur Quinalphos Sulphur Thiomethoxam Triazophos 75% SP 20% SP 3%, 5%, 10% EC & 10% SC 4% Granules, 50% SP 20%, 40%, 40.8%, 45%, 48%, 50% EC & 5% DP, 25% WP 5%, 10%, 20%, 25%, 35%EC 1.5%, 2.5%, 2.8%, 11% EC & 2.4% SC 76% EC 18.5% & 35% EC 40% EC 35%, 48% EC & 2%, 4% DP 46.5% & 50% EC 20% EC & 20% WP 2.5% EC, 5% EC & 4.95% SC 9.6% SL, 17.8% SL, 20% SL & 30.5% SC 1% WP, 10% WP, 2.5% EC & 5% EC 40%, 48%, 50%, 57%EC & 5% DP, 25% WP, 50% WP 36% & 40% SL 5% & 10% EC 43% & 50% EC 1% DP 25% EC, 40% EC 80% WP 25% WDG 20% EC, 40% EC

Insecticides

INSECTICIDES Acephate Acetamiprid Alphacypermethrin Cartaphydrochloride Chlorpyriphos Cypermethrin Deltamethrin Dichlorovos Dicofol Dimethoate Endosulfan Ethion Fenvalerate Fipronil Imidaclorpid Lambda Cyhalothrin Malathion Monocrotophos Permethrin Profenofos Propoxur Quinalphos Sulphur Thiomethoxam Triazophos 75% SP 20% SP 3%, 5%, 10% EC & 10% SC 4% Granules, 50% SP 20%, 40%, 40.8%, 45%, 48%, 50% EC & 5% DP, 25% WP 5%, 10%, 20%, 25%, 35%EC 1.5%, 2.5%, 2.8%, 11% EC & 2.4% SC 76% EC 18.5% & 35% EC 40% EC 35%, 48% EC & 2%, 4% DP 46.5% & 50% EC 20% EC & 20% WP 2.5% EC, 5% EC & 4.95% SC 9.6% SL, 17.8% SL, 20% SL & 30.5% SC 1% WP, 10% WP, 2.5% EC & 5% EC 40%, 48%, 50%, 57%EC & 5% DP, 25% WP, 50% WP 36% & 40% SL 5% & 10% EC 43% & 50% EC 1% DP 25% EC, 40% EC 80% WP 25% WDG 20% EC, 40% EC

Insecticides

INSECTICIDES Acephate Acetamiprid Alphacypermethrin Cartaphydrochloride Chlorpyriphos Cypermethrin Deltamethrin Dichlorovos Dicofol Dimethoate Endosulfan Ethion Fenvalerate Fipronil Imidaclorpid Lambda Cyhalothrin Malathion Monocrotophos Permethrin Profenofos Propoxur Quinalphos Sulphur Thiomethoxam Triazophos 75% SP 20% SP 3%, 5%, 10% EC & 10% SC 4% Granules, 50% SP 20%, 40%, 40.8%, 45%, 48%, 50% EC & 5% DP, 25% WP 5%, 10%, 20%, 25%, 35%EC 1.5%, 2.5%, 2.8%, 11% EC & 2.4% SC 76% EC 18.5% & 35% EC 40% EC 35%, 48% EC & 2%, 4% DP 46.5% & 50% EC 20% EC & 20% WP 2.5% EC, 5% EC & 4.95% SC 9.6% SL, 17.8% SL, 20% SL & 30.5% SC 1% WP, 10% WP, 2.5% EC & 5% EC 40%, 48%, 50%, 57%EC & 5% DP, 25% WP, 50% WP 36% & 40% SL 5% & 10% EC 43% & 50% EC 1% DP 25% EC, 40% EC 80% WP 25% WDG 20% EC, 40% EC

Insecticides

Fungicides

FUNGICIDES Carbendazim Copper Oxychloride Difenconazole Dithianon Hexaconazole Mancozeb Mancozeb Miclobutanil Propiconazole Tebuconazole Tricyclozole 50% SC & 50% WP 50% WP 24.9% EC 5%EC, 10% EC & 5% SC 5%, 10% EC & 5% SC 80% & 75% WP 63 % + Carbendazim 12% WP 10% WP 10%, 25% EC 24.9% EW 75% WP

Fungicides

FUNGICIDES Carbendazim Copper Oxychloride Difenconazole Dithianon Hexaconazole Mancozeb Mancozeb Miclobutanil Propiconazole Tebuconazole Tricyclozole 50% SC & 50% WP 50% WP 24.9% EC 5%EC, 10% EC & 5% SC 5%, 10% EC & 5% SC 80% & 75% WP 63 % + Carbendazim 12% WP 10% WP 10%, 25% EC 24.9% EW 75% WP

Fungicides

FUNGICIDES Carbendazim Copper Oxychloride Difenconazole Dithianon Hexaconazole Mancozeb Mancozeb Miclobutanil Propiconazole Tebuconazole Tricyclozole 50% SC & 50% WP 50% WP 24.9% EC 5%EC, 10% EC & 5% SC 5%, 10% EC & 5% SC 80% & 75% WP 63 % + Carbendazim 12% WP 10% WP 10%, 25% EC 24.9% EW 75% WP

Weedicides

WEEDICIDES Ametryn Butachlor Glyphosate Isoproturon Pendimethalin Pretilachlor 25% EC 50% EC 36%, 41% & 48% SL 75% WP 30%, 34% & 50% EC 2% GR

Weedicides

WEEDICIDES Ametryn Butachlor Glyphosate Isoproturon Pendimethalin Pretilachlor 25% EC 50% EC 36%, 41% & 48% SL 75% WP 30%, 34% & 50% EC 2% GR

Combination products

COMBINATION PRODUCTS Chlorpyriphos 16% + Alphacypermethrin 1% EC Chlorpyriphos 22.5% + Cypermethrin 2.5% EC Chlorpyriphos 45% + Cypermethrin 5% EC Chlorpyriphos 50% + Cypermethrin 5% EC Quinalphos 20% + Cypermethrin 3% EC Profenofos 40% + Cypermethrin 4% EC Profenofos 20% + Cypermethrin 5% EC Profenofos 25%+ Cypermethrin 5% EC Profenofos 30% + Cypermethrin 10% EC Profenofos 10% + Cypermethrin 20% EC Cypermethrin 20% + Permethrin 10% EC

Combination products

COMBINATION PRODUCTS Chlorpyriphos 16% + Alphacypermethrin 1% EC Chlorpyriphos 22.5% + Cypermethrin 2.5% EC Chlorpyriphos 45% + Cypermethrin 5% EC Chlorpyriphos 50% + Cypermethrin 5% EC Quinalphos 20% + Cypermethrin 3% EC Profenofos 40% + Cypermethrin 4% EC Profenofos 20% + Cypermethrin 5% EC Profenofos 25%+ Cypermethrin 5% EC Profenofos 30% + Cypermethrin 10% EC Profenofos 10% + Cypermethrin 20% EC Cypermethrin 20% + Permethrin 10% EC

Public health product

PUBLIC HEALTH PRODUCTS Deltamethrin Temephos Chlorpyriphos Lindane Lamda Cyhalothrin Chlorpyriphos (Methyl) Imidachloprid 2.8% EC, 2.4% SC 25% EC, 50% EC, 1% Gr 20% EC, 48% EC 20% EC 10% WP 50% EC 30.5% SC

Public health product

PUBLIC HEALTH PRODUCTS Deltamethrin Temephos Chlorpyriphos Lindane Lamda Cyhalothrin Chlorpyriphos (Methyl) Imidachloprid 2.8% EC, 2.4% SC 25% EC, 50% EC, 1% Gr 20% EC, 48% EC 20% EC 10% WP 50% EC 30.5% SC

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Xirsoow daadah oo debida baro dani-ba yeelkeede Duqa ha iska raacee warkuun ugu dar mooyaane Hayskala dalxiisee dushuun ka arag mooyaanee Deelay hadaad tirisay iyo waliba deelqaafkan Oo aad digniin bixinaysoo adigu doobyayso Digtoonoow anaa kula dacwiyi , doodna kaa badine Taariikhda duuga ah hadaad dib ugafaalootay Dulcad iyo markii maatadii qaadhka lagu daadshay Ee ay Daroor iyo tageen , duurka iyo hawdka Dambarsamalay qaalmii markii duulanku is jiidhay Wixii diric nin raga, maalintaa qaydka lagu duubay Dabaqdhoonka geelee isagu diday ma sheegayne Xirsoow maad dagaalamin rabigu wayna dilayaaye Daljirkiise qarsoonaa hadaanu maanta dibad joogin Taas danqaabi maayoo ilayn ways dugsanaysaaye Waxa Maantaa lagu daynayaa , Dirirdhabaan tegey Afartaa miyaan deelka gabay doc uga waydaaray Daalaadhac iigama tagee , duurxulkii gabay dheh Darwiish, Faarax nuur iyo Gahayr derisyadoodii dheh Dabaq Qaasim, dubii yawle-iyo dacartii baar-eeg dheh Sidii daad rogmaday waa murtida daaficii Caliye Bal aan dunida waayaha markale dacaladaa eego Dirkii Ina Sadam( 1 ) waad ogtahay siday u diirteene Dalandoolkii Seef(2) wuxuu xidhnaa dumar hugoodiiye Isagoo daliiley qabteen daanaduu falaye Dayrcadkii Xusniyo(3) wiilashii Dooli laga yeelye Iyagaba daluun iyo hog-baa lagu daboolaaye Hadeer Dimishiq iyo daarihii laysu dacareeye Maanta la day-dayaha-yaa danabkii dheeraaye(4) Degelkeenan waad garanaysaa duubcastii hore,e Daacuf-lii Cadeed , Faalso iyo Daalinkii Gaani Dusha marinta baastooladii, Moorgan laga diidye Dariiqaa la wadhay inamadii, duhur dharaareede Dalqo wayne(5), waa loo dawaray dabadii ooryiiye Nin kastoo daruuraha qabtaa maalinbuu degaye Duunkaa la eegaa nafluhu waa is daba jooge Intay dubatay Wiil hoog ayaan ruux dafirahayne Dambarsamalay qaalmii markii duulanku is jiidhay Wixii diric nin raga, maalintaa qaydka lagu duubay Dabaqdhoonka geelee isagu diday ma sheegayne Xirsoow maad dagaalamin rabigu wayna dilayaaye Daljirkiise qarsoonaa hadaanu maanta dibad joogin Taas danqaabi maayoo ilayn ways dugsanaysaaye Waxa Maantaa lagu daynayaa , Dirirdhabaan tegeye Afartaa miyaan deelka gabay doc uga waydaaray Daalaadhac iigama tagee , duurxulkii gabay dheh Darwiish, Faarax nuur iyo Gahayr derisyadoodii dheh Dabaq Qaasim, dubii yawle-iyo dacartii baar-eeg dheh Sidii daad rogmaday waa murtida daaficii Caliye Nin darjiidhayaan doonayaa inaan dabaalaaye Dooh qaalin buubaaya-baa lagu dabreeyaaye Hadii uu dulqaad kaasi yahay doontiiwaa halise Bal dareenka waanada mar kale aanu daro haanta Dambarkeeda dhayda ah, amaba malabka doocaana Hadii aan wax kale lagu darayn waa dawo Ilaahe Layska diid daliilkii Alliyo , daa,in xeerkiiye Dawlad iyo la kala saar midkii dani ku qoolayde Goormay distoor gaal Xaqii kala dab qaateen dheh Dimquraadi goormay Sharciga daris wadaageen dheh Waar waad dambaabtaye adeer dib uga soo laabo Dulqaad baa xilkana loo ogaa dibu heshiisiine Deris kugula nool meel waxa u roon, inaad dawaysaaye Malaa dacar magow iyo ma gayo daabcad baan sidane Rag is 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Hadaad gaabsan weydana Damacaaga gaarka ah Koley gaari meysidee (Gabaryahay) Meel geeri go’aniyo Gaahibaa gaahibaa Gaahibaa dhex joogtaa Oo meela geeri go’aniyo Gaahi baa dhex joogtaa Gaahibaa gabalkina kugu dhacay Cad Ceediyo Xidigihiyo Cimilada Aduun Yada —– X 2 Cirka Aarka Joogiyo Halka Ceynku Kaga Yaal Adigoon Ku Caan Noqon Carra Edegta Hadalkee Ama Caami Kala Harin ——X 2 Maalmo.com Isagaa Cumaamadan Culuun Kaa Gu’ Weynoo —— X 2 Caya Yaanka Duulee Cidi Aaney Aragiyo —- X 3 Ciirsi Ruuxa Kuu Xiga Haku Noqon Haku Noqonin Cadawgii Cirib Tiray Wallaalkii —- X 2 QEYBTA 2 AAD Caqligiyo Wax Garashiyo Ceynaano Nabadeed —– X 2 Xajadaa Cakirantiyo Golo Lagu Cadeyn Karo Codkarkiisa Weyniyoo Garta Caadilkeey Noqon Ama Caawin Karin Nolol —– X 2 Ha U Caroonin Waqtiga Iyo Calaf Waxaad Ku Weydoo —– X 2 Caya Yaanka Duulee Cidi Aaney Aragiyo —- X 2 Ciirsi Ruuxa Kuu Xiga Haku Noqon Haku Noqonin Cadawgii Cirib Tiray Wallaalkii —– X 2 QEYBTA 3 AAD Cilmi Iyo Wax Barashiyo Caruurnimo Wax Kaa Lumay —- X 2 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Cilmiga beeraha

Abamectin / Pyridaben 0.3% / 10.2% WP ICAMA: Ls20072495 Toxicity: low toxicity Function: control red spider Active ingredient: abamectin / pyridaben Plant: Orange tree Method: spray Kills pest: rd spider Dosage: a70-105mg/kg Abamectin / Pyridaben 0.3% / 10.2% WP Deltavap – 5% EC Deltamethrin Diazinon (15% , 20% , 25% . 60%)EC Diazinon VAP MALATHION -50% EC Malathio VAPCOCIDIN – 20% EC Fenvalerate Vapcour SC Imidocloprid 35% VAPCOZIN (12.5% , 20%) EC Amitraz

Cilmiga beeraha

Abamectin / Pyridaben 0.3% / 10.2% WP ICAMA: Ls20072495 Toxicity: low toxicity Function: control red spider Active ingredient: abamectin / pyridaben Plant: Orange tree Method: spray Kills pest: rd spider Dosage: a70-105mg/kg Abamectin / Pyridaben 0.3% / 10.2% WP Deltavap – 5% EC Deltamethrin Diazinon (15% , 20% , 25% . 60%)EC Diazinon VAP MALATHION -50% EC Malathio VAPCOCIDIN – 20% EC Fenvalerate Vapcour SC Imidocloprid 35% VAPCOZIN (12.5% , 20%) EC Amitraz

Cilmiga beeraha

Abamectin / Pyridaben 0.3% / 10.2% WP ICAMA: Ls20072495 Toxicity: low toxicity Function: control red spider Active ingredient: abamectin / pyridaben Plant: Orange tree Method: spray Kills pest: rd spider Dosage: a70-105mg/kg Abamectin / Pyridaben 0.3% / 10.2% WP Deltavap – 5% EC Deltamethrin Diazinon (15% , 20% , 25% . 60%)EC Diazinon VAP MALATHION -50% EC Malathio VAPCOCIDIN – 20% EC Fenvalerate Vapcour SC Imidocloprid 35% VAPCOZIN (12.5% , 20%) EC Amitraz

Cilmiga beeraha

1) Humic Acid 2) Organic Fertilizer 3) Formulator Series 1. Diethyl Aminoethyl Hexanoate 8%SP 2. Mepiquate Chloride 8% SP 3. Fipronil 8% WG 4. Abamectin / Pyridaben 0.3% / 10.2% WP 5. Moroxydine Hydrochloride / Ribavirin 30%/1% SP 6. Flusilazole 8% ME 7. Prochloraz-Manganese-Chloride Complex 50% WP 8. Tebufenozide 20% SC 1) Diethyl Aminoethyl Hexanoate 8%SP ICAMA: LS20082530 Toxicity: low toxicity Function: Plant growth regulator andyield increasing. Active ingredient: diethyl aminoethyle hexanoate Plant: celery cabage Method: spray Dosage: 40-60mg/kg 2)Mepiquate chloride 8% SP ICAMA: In process Toxicity: low mammalian toxicity Function: control vine and yield increasing Active ingredient: mepiquat chloride Plant: sweet Potato Method: spray Dosage: 200-300mg/kg 3) Fipronil 8% WG ICAMA: In process Toxicity: middle mammalian toxicity Function: control chilo suppressalis Active ingredient: fipronil Plant: rice Method: spray Dosage: 14-48/hectare/1000M2 4) Abamectin / Pyridaben 0.3% / 10.2% WP ICAMA: Ls20072495 Toxicity: low toxicity Function: control red spider Active ingredient: abamectin / pyridaben Plant: Orange tree Method: spray Kills pest: rd spider Dosage: a70-105mg/kg 5) Moroxydine hydrochloride / Ribavirin 30%/1% SP ICAMA: LS20081026 Toxicity: low toxicity Function: control virus disease Active ingredient: moroxydine hydrochloride / ribavirin Plant: tomato Method: spray Cure: virus disease Dosage: 291388g/hectare/1000m2 6) Flusilazole 8% ME ICAMA: LS20081365 Toxicity: low toxicity Function: Control powdery mildew Active ingredient: flusilazone Plant: cucumber Method: spray Cure: powdery mildew Dosage: 48-72g/hectare / 1000M2 7) Prochloraz-manganese-chloride complex 50% WP ICAMA: LS20081188 Toxicity: low toxicity Function: control penicilliosis Active ingredient: Prochloraz-manganese chloride comples Plant: Orange Method: Spray Cure: Penicilliosis 8) Tebufenozide 20% SC ICAMA: LS20081842 Toxicity: low toxicity Function: control asparagus caterpillar Active ingredient: tebufenozide Plant: Brassicaceous vegetable Method: spray Cure: asparagus caterpillar Dosage: 200-300 g/hectare/1000m2 4) Brassicaceous vegetable 5) Penicilliosis 6) cucumber 7)

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1) Humic Acid 2) Organic Fertilizer 3) Formulator Series 1. Diethyl Aminoethyl Hexanoate 8%SP 2. Mepiquate Chloride 8% SP 3. Fipronil 8% WG 4. Abamectin / Pyridaben 0.3% / 10.2% WP 5. Moroxydine Hydrochloride / Ribavirin 30%/1% SP 6. Flusilazole 8% ME 7. Prochloraz-Manganese-Chloride Complex 50% WP 8. Tebufenozide 20% SC 1) Diethyl Aminoethyl Hexanoate 8%SP ICAMA: LS20082530 Toxicity: low toxicity Function: Plant growth regulator andyield increasing. Active ingredient: diethyl aminoethyle hexanoate Plant: celery cabage Method: spray Dosage: 40-60mg/kg 2)Mepiquate chloride 8% SP ICAMA: In process Toxicity: low mammalian toxicity Function: control vine and yield increasing Active ingredient: mepiquat chloride Plant: sweet Potato Method: spray Dosage: 200-300mg/kg 3) Fipronil 8% WG ICAMA: In process Toxicity: middle mammalian toxicity Function: control chilo suppressalis Active ingredient: fipronil Plant: rice Method: spray Dosage: 14-48/hectare/1000M2 4) Abamectin / Pyridaben 0.3% / 10.2% WP ICAMA: Ls20072495 Toxicity: low toxicity Function: control red spider Active ingredient: abamectin / pyridaben Plant: Orange tree Method: spray Kills pest: rd spider Dosage: a70-105mg/kg 5) Moroxydine hydrochloride / Ribavirin 30%/1% SP ICAMA: LS20081026 Toxicity: low toxicity Function: control virus disease Active ingredient: moroxydine hydrochloride / ribavirin Plant: tomato Method: spray Cure: virus disease Dosage: 291388g/hectare/1000m2 6) Flusilazole 8% ME ICAMA: LS20081365 Toxicity: low toxicity Function: Control powdery mildew Active ingredient: flusilazone Plant: cucumber Method: spray Cure: powdery mildew Dosage: 48-72g/hectare / 1000M2 7) Prochloraz-manganese-chloride complex 50% WP ICAMA: LS20081188 Toxicity: low toxicity Function: control penicilliosis Active ingredient: Prochloraz-manganese chloride comples Plant: Orange Method: Spray Cure: Penicilliosis 8) Tebufenozide 20% SC ICAMA: LS20081842 Toxicity: low toxicity Function: control asparagus caterpillar Active ingredient: tebufenozide Plant: Brassicaceous vegetable Method: spray Cure: asparagus caterpillar Dosage: 200-300 g/hectare/1000m2 4) Brassicaceous vegetable 5) Penicilliosis 6) cucumber 7)

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During periods of severe infection premature defoliation may occur. Anthracnose rarely kills, but trees severely defoliated annually becomeweakened. The fungus overwinters in infected leaves. In the spring airborne fungal spores are produced that infect developing leaves. Soon after infection, leaves become necrotic and secondary spore production occurs. This cycle may continue as long as weather conditions favor fungal development. Damage from this disease is most severe when light rain or dew occurs during budbreak and leaf expansion. Sanitation is necessary in controlling anthracnose since the pathogen survives from year to year in fallen leaves. Rake leaves when they fall rather than waiting for full leaf drop. Destroy leaves from diseased trees or place in a compost pile to undergo heating to kill the fungus. A protective fungicide may be required if damagepersists. Apply necessary sprays in the spring during leaf emergence and repeat in 7 to 14 days as needed.Oak Leaf Blister (Fungus – Taphrina caerulescens) Water oak, post oak, red oak and live oak are most often infected with the oak leaf blister fungus. Of these, water oak is the most susceptible. A leaf infected with the fungus will have a distinct bulge on its upper surface. The surface opposite the bulge has a light green-to-olive, velvety fungal growth. With age this growth becomes dark brown-to-black in color. The raised area on the leaf is first light green but turns brown withage. The remainder of the leaf retains a green color. Little defoliation occurs unless infection is extensive. HC-GFS-06-002 Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page of 10 The fungus overwinters on bud scales. In the spring as buds begin to open, overwintering fungal spores germinate during favorable weather and infect developing leaves. Mild temperatures and light rain or dew during bud opening are necessary forinfection to occur. Chemical control ofoak leaf blister is not often suggested except for very susceptible and valuable trees growing in humid areas. Treat trees that have a history of severe damagefrom oak leaf blister with a copper-containing fungicide in the spring just before bud opening. Fungicides applied after infection occurs are not effective. Oak leaves infected with the oak leaf Powdery Mildew (Fungus – Phyllactinia corylea and others) blister fungus. All species of oaks are susceptible, but some are more prone to extensive damage than others. Powdery mildew on live oaks is first visible as faint yellow spots on the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves during the latter part of summer. Spots are normally round and approximately to inch in diameter. Premature defoliation occurs with severe infection. Usually, however, leaves are retained until normal leaf shed. In the case of otheroaks, powdery mildew may cover theentire leaf surface giving the Powdery mildew on live oak leaves. appearance of a fine white to gray powder. The fungus overwinters on infected leaves in a spore stage which is resistant to adverse weather conditions. In the spring andsummer fungal spores are carried by air currents to infect leaves of healthy trees. Fungal structures develop only in and on the outer layer of leaf cells. Sanitation is important in controlling powdery mildew since initial inoculum comes from leaves infected the previous year. Rake and discard fallen leaves in a compost pile where they can undergo complete decay. Applying a benomyl-containing fungicide keeps high-value trees free of the fungus. Use a wetting agent with the fungicide to improve coverage of the waxy leaf surface. Actinopelte Leafspot (Fungus – Actinopelte dryina) All species of oaks are susceptible, but young red oak trees are the most severely damaged. Small, distinct reddish brown spots form on diseased leaves. The fungus is a primary pathogen but is most often found on leaves infected with other pathogens. It may cause large brown spots on the leaf margin. Premature defoliation occurs when infection is severe. The fungus overwinters in fallen leaves. Spores are moved in the spring by air currents to healthy foliage where infection occurs. In most areas, symptoms are observed around midsummer and during the fall. Newly planted trees or those weakened from other causes appear to be the most severely damaged. Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page of 10 To prevent damage, water and fertilize trees properly. This includes furnishing iron to Texas red oaks thatdevelop chlorosis. Trees deficient in iron are under stress and are more susceptible to many foliage pathogens. Rake and destroy fallen leaves and use copper, maneb, zineb or benomyl-containing fungicides when needed. Diseases of Limbs and Trunks (Cankers) Endothia Canker (Fungus – Endothia gyrosa) Most oak species are susceptible. Endothia cankers usuallyare associated with pruning cuts or other wounds and appear as sunken areas on limbs, trunk and roots of trees. Bright orange pustules 1/16 to 1/8 inch in height and approximately 1/8 inch in diameter are present overthe surface of the canker. Cankers generally are elongated in shape and may extend for several inches. The fungus is most damaging on trees that are in a weakened condition. Stress induced by drought, low fertility or mechanical damage predisposes trees to damage from the fungus. Trees growing vigorouslyare generally resistant to infection. Ageneral maintenance program is important in preventing this problem. Prune when trees are dormant and the fungus is less active, reducing the chance of infection. When circumstances require pruning during the growing season, apply wound Endothia canker on red oak resulting from fungus invasion of a pruning cut. paints to freshly cut surfaces to prevent the fungus from coming in contact with exposed wood. Wound paints are not effective in inhibiting organisms that cause discoloration and decay. Remove limbs infected with Endothia. Fungicide sprays are ineffective in controlling this pathogen. Hypoxylon Canker (Fungus– Hypoxylon atropunctatum) While all oak species are susceptible, wateroaks and post oaks are among the most susceptible. Trees with Hypoxylon canker first appear chlorotic and develop thin foliage. In severe cases leaves die quickly and turn a light brown. They may cling to the tree for a short time. Soon after foliar systems develop, fungal structures may be observed on limbs and trunks. The rough, outer bark separates from the limb and trunk. On the wood where the bark sloughs,a reddish brown to olive green spore material with a dusty appearance forms. Soon thereafter a dark brown to black crusty material forms. The color of this material varies Early stage of Hypoxylon canker development on live oak. Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page of 10 with the species. On post oak the fungus is a dark brown while on the water oak the area appears as light reddish brown. This stage of the fungus lasts 6 to 12 months and then the area develops a gray appearance. Wood from trees that have died from Hypoxylon canker is lighter weight due to the rapid decaying action of the fungus. Trees die from Hypoxylon canker in a random pattern with no movement of the fungus from one tree to another through rootgrafts. Hypoxylon canker is most often associated with trees that are under environmental stress such as droughtor mechanical damage. The fungus often infects Texas red oaks and live oaks that have been infected with the oak wilt fungus. Wind and insectsare suspected of spreading the fungus spores. Good care is the most effective means of preventing the onset and development of disease. Deep watering during July, August and September is important in preventing moisture stress. Do not store wood from infected trees near healthy trees. If the fungus occurs on a scaffold limb, remove the limb to stop pathogen development. Make cuts 24 to 36 inches below the visibledamage to minimize the chance that the fungus has developed beyond the point of the cut. The effectiveness of pruning is determined by early detection of infection and pruning well in advance of the fungus. Treat cut areas with protective wound paint after pruning. Be sure to sterilize all pruning equipment before and after working on diseased trees. A dip of 1 part household bleach and 9 parts water will destroy the pathogen. Lightly oil all metal parts when completing the project to prevent damage to the equipment. Continued development of Hypoxylon canker. Final stage of Hypoxylon canker development. Heart Rot (Fungi – Several different species, including Polyporus spp., Poria spp., Hericium sp., Sterium spp.) Heartwood of any oak species may be invaded by one or more of the fungi mentioned above. These fungi are most damaging to older, mature trees that have been exposed to wounds, resulting from wind, ice, mechanical injury and insects. Heart rots may occur at the base of the treeor may extend into the trunk and larger branches. Tissue damaged by fire, construction equipment, wind and ice creates an ideal infection sitefor heart rot fungi. Following wounding, bacteria and non-decay fungi first invade and discolor the wood. Decay fungi then invade and destroy the inner portion of the tree. Injured trees may continue to be invaded by heart rot fungi. These fungi eventually form conks on the tree surface that produce spores having the ability to cause new infections on additional trees. Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page of 10 Heart rot is best controlled by preventing major wounds and using prescribed pruning techniques. If a tree is wounded, maintain it in good health so that the wound calluses rapidly. Commercial wound paints are not effective in preventing invasion of heart rot fungi. If heart rot is extensive and the tree is structurally unsound it should be removed. Filling cavities may lead to further decay if not done properly. Vascular Diseases Oak Wilt (Fungus – Ceratocystis fagacearum) All species of oaks are susceptible; however, Texas red oak and live oaks in the Hill Country and South Central areas are the most commonly affected. Post oak is rarelyaffected. The foliage of infected Texas red oaks turns pale green, then yellow and finally brown. Texasred oaks generally die within 7 to 30 days after the first disease symptom. Leaves turn brown and remain on thetree for weeks. Sucker sprouts often form on the dying trunks, but a diseased tree rarely survives more than one season. Most live oaks die within 60 days to 2 years after initial infection is observed. Some live oaks,however, survive for several years after infection. Weakened trees may be colonized by other fungi such a Hypoxylon sp. and Cephalosporium sp. A common symptom of oak wilt on live oak is flagging or browning ofleaves on individual limbs during spring months. Later in the year, leaves on infected limbs exhibit more specific patterns of chlorosis and necrosis. The most characteristic leaf symptom is dead tissue along the veins and tip of the leaf. Both symptoms can occur on the same treeand in some case on the same leaf. Defoliation occurs quickly after symptoms are observed. It is common to see complete defoliation within 30 days after infection. Symptom development is most rapid during spring and fall. The fungus spreads locally from tree to tree through rootgrafts and common root systems. The disease cycle as it occurs in Texas is shown in Figure 1. Insects spread it over long distances, depending on the formation of fungal mats beneath the bark of Texas red oaks (Spanish oaks). Thesemats form under cool, moist conditions and push bark away from the wood. The sweet odor of the fungal mat attracts insects. Spores are carried on the bodies of insects from mats to wounds and pruning cuts on healthy trees. Mat formation on Texas red oak is most active during March, April, May, June, October and November. Oak wilt mats have not been observed on species other than Texas red oak. Firewood also plays an important role in the spread of the fungus, in that it may harbor insects that emerge and transport spores. Controlof oak wilt is difficult with no one method proving effective in all cases.The oak wilt fungus usually radiates rapidly once established in an individual tree or motte of live oaks. Stopping the spread of fungus from the infection center should Vein banding of live oak leaves on oak therefore be the first objective. In stands of infected wilt infested trees. Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page of 10 Figure 1. Oak wilt disease cycle. Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page of 10 oaks, mechanically sever common root systems with a ditching machineor trencher or chemically with the soil fumigant Vapam. It is important when cutting roots that the trench bedeep enough to sever all existing roots. In some areas this may be difficult because of rock layers under the soil surface. In Figure 2, the suggested location for a trench is described in detail. Remove all trees on the disease side of the trench, including a band of symptomless trees. These trees may be infected and if left in place may serve as the source of inoculum for a new infection center. Trenching is most effective when Figure 2. Location of tranches to slow done in an area where well-defined oak wilt centers development of the oak wilt fungus from are widely separated and the soil is not underlain a centralized infection center. with rock. If Texas red oak is a major species in the tree population, trenching is less effectivebecause of the potential for mat formation and insect spread. Where the potential for oak wilt is high, remove and destroy diseased Texas red oaks. Do not store wood removedfrom oak wilt centers around healthytrees. If the wood is for firewood, cover with clear plastic to prevent the emergence of insects. It is necessary to use clear plastic so that insects are trapped and killed by the heating effect of the sunlight through the plastic. Unlike black plastic, clear plastic will not reveal exit holes to trapped insects. Immediately destroy wood not used for firewood. Prune in oak wilt areas during December, January, February and March. Pruning cuts made during fungal mat development may attract insects emerging from diseased trees. If trees are pruned during months of fungal activity, paint cuts with a wound paint to prevent insects from coming in contact with the fresh wounds. Pruning during high risk months should only be doneto repair storm or mechanical damage. Landowners should be especially cautious for 2 to 3 years following a disaster such as a tornado, hurricane, severe hail or following a period of mechanical activity around oak trees. Heavy equipment working around trees cancreate large wounds. When this occurs, insects are attracted to the site and may be carrying the wilt pathogen. Be prepared to clean an infection site as soon as it appears. Quick action reduces the number of trees eventually lost to the fungus. Currently no chemical treatment is recommended for control of the oak wilt fungus. Oak Decline (Complex involving stress factors and fungi). Although several fungi have been associated with the complex, presently Cephalosporum diospyri is the only fungus shown to produce decline symptoms in live oaks. Oak decline is a disease complex affecting trees under stress. In Texas,drought and urban stress are factors most often associated with infection.Trees having oak decline show a slow decline with a reduction in leaf size. The first noticeable symptom is failure of the tree to make normal top growth. Small twigs die and there is an overall thinning of the canopy. Twig dieback continues withlarger and larger limbs being killed. Eventually the only limbs alive are main scaffold limbs covered with small tufts of growth. This process may take several years depending upon environmental conditions. Continued stress hastens tree death. Trees that are kept in good health are not as susceptible to the complex. Based on past history, damage from oak decline can be expected during periods of extended drought. Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page of 10 Oak decline can be prevented on live oak with a program utilizing both cultural and chemical practices. Positive identification is made with the aid of laboratory procedures. Once a tree has been diagnosed as having oak decline, follow a complete maintenance program involving fertilizer application, deep watering during summer months, pruning and removal of dead or weak limbs. Treat trees in early stages of decline; destroy those that have no chance of recovery. Treat valuable trees with the systemic fungicide, Arbotect, sometime between June and October. Repeat treatment the following summer. Arbotect is effective in reducing symptoms of oak decline. It is administered by injection under pressure into the base of the tree. While specialized equipment is required, it is relatively inexpensive and easy to use. Arbotect is injected into the tree as close to the soil line as possible. For further information see product label. Miscellaneous Problems Mistletoe (Parasitic plant – Phoradendron sp.) Mistletoe is a parasitic plant that feeds in the vascular system of the host tree through specialized structures called haustoria. The visible portion of mistletoe is a leafy, evergreen plant that grows in bunches on limbs of thehost tree. Leaves are thick and waxy and female plants produce white berries. Birds spread seed to other trees where new plants form. The only control for mistletoe is to surgically remove the mistletoe plantand its attachment point. On small limbs make cuts 10 to 12 inches below the point of attachment. On larger limbs remove a suitable sized wood chip at the point of attachment. Chemical treatments have not proven effective. Ball Moss (Epiphytic plant – Tillandsia recuruata) Ball moss is a plant that grows on many shade trees and causes limbs to die. While it does not derive nourishment from living portions of the tree, it smothers developing buds by forming a dense, shading growth on limbs. Control ballmoss with foliar applications of fungicides such as Kocide 101. Apply just before an anticipated rainfall. Onseverely infested trees, a second application may be required in 12 months. When using Kocide avoid drift to nearby sensitive plants and buildings. Misletoe on pin oak tree. Ball moss development on post oak limbs. Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page of 10 Table 1. Summary of three major diseases of oak trees in Texas. Leaf Symptoms Control Measures Spreads through rootgrafts Principal trees affected Trees affected Characteristic symptoms Rate of death Shedding Chemical Isolation Oak wilt Texas red oak and live oak Chlorosis and necrosis along with marginal necrosis on some leaves Yes Rapid (Texas red oak 7-30 days; Live oak 30-60 days) Slow (2-8 years) Yes Healthy Yes No No Oak decline All oaks Reduced leaf size and twig die-back in crown of tree Leaves turn brown overall No Unknown Stressed Yes Yes Yes Hypoxylon Post oak, Texas red oak and water oak Retained for a short time Trees apNo pear thin and yellow for several weeks. In final stage which lasts 1-2 weeks trees go from yellow to brown. Stressed No No Yes Cultural Disease Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page 10 of 10 Lichens (Combined fungal and algal growth) Lichens assume several different shapes and colors. They may lie flat on the surface or developlong stringy growths. They vary from gray to a dirty orange in color. It is not uncommon to find several different types on the same limb. Lichens may be indicators of poor growth. They require sunlight to develop and as long as the tree canopy is thick their growth is impeded by shading. Most foliar fungicides will limit their development when or if control is desired. Lichens on small post oak limbs. This publication contains recommendations regarding agricultural chemicals. Changes in pesticide and herbicide regulations occur frequently. Some materials mentioned may no longer be available, and some uses may no longer be legal. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by the Harris County office of Texas Cooperative Extension nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. All pesticides distributed,sold, and/or applied in Texas must beregistered with the Texas Department of Agriculture. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Besure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical

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During periods of severe infection premature defoliation may occur. Anthracnose rarely kills, but trees severely defoliated annually becomeweakened. The fungus overwinters in infected leaves. In the spring airborne fungal spores are produced that infect developing leaves. Soon after infection, leaves become necrotic and secondary spore production occurs. This cycle may continue as long as weather conditions favor fungal development. Damage from this disease is most severe when light rain or dew occurs during budbreak and leaf expansion. Sanitation is necessary in controlling anthracnose since the pathogen survives from year to year in fallen leaves. Rake leaves when they fall rather than waiting for full leaf drop. Destroy leaves from diseased trees or place in a compost pile to undergo heating to kill the fungus. A protective fungicide may be required if damagepersists. Apply necessary sprays in the spring during leaf emergence and repeat in 7 to 14 days as needed.Oak Leaf Blister (Fungus – Taphrina caerulescens) Water oak, post oak, red oak and live oak are most often infected with the oak leaf blister fungus. Of these, water oak is the most susceptible. A leaf infected with the fungus will have a distinct bulge on its upper surface. The surface opposite the bulge has a light green-to-olive, velvety fungal growth. With age this growth becomes dark brown-to-black in color. The raised area on the leaf is first light green but turns brown withage. The remainder of the leaf retains a green color. Little defoliation occurs unless infection is extensive. HC-GFS-06-002 Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page of 10 The fungus overwinters on bud scales. In the spring as buds begin to open, overwintering fungal spores germinate during favorable weather and infect developing leaves. Mild temperatures and light rain or dew during bud opening are necessary forinfection to occur. Chemical control ofoak leaf blister is not often suggested except for very susceptible and valuable trees growing in humid areas. Treat trees that have a history of severe damagefrom oak leaf blister with a copper-containing fungicide in the spring just before bud opening. Fungicides applied after infection occurs are not effective. Oak leaves infected with the oak leaf Powdery Mildew (Fungus – Phyllactinia corylea and others) blister fungus. All species of oaks are susceptible, but some are more prone to extensive damage than others. Powdery mildew on live oaks is first visible as faint yellow spots on the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves during the latter part of summer. Spots are normally round and approximately to inch in diameter. Premature defoliation occurs with severe infection. Usually, however, leaves are retained until normal leaf shed. In the case of otheroaks, powdery mildew may cover theentire leaf surface giving the Powdery mildew on live oak leaves. appearance of a fine white to gray powder. The fungus overwinters on infected leaves in a spore stage which is resistant to adverse weather conditions. In the spring andsummer fungal spores are carried by air currents to infect leaves of healthy trees. Fungal structures develop only in and on the outer layer of leaf cells. Sanitation is important in controlling powdery mildew since initial inoculum comes from leaves infected the previous year. Rake and discard fallen leaves in a compost pile where they can undergo complete decay. Applying a benomyl-containing fungicide keeps high-value trees free of the fungus. Use a wetting agent with the fungicide to improve coverage of the waxy leaf surface. Actinopelte Leafspot (Fungus – Actinopelte dryina) All species of oaks are susceptible, but young red oak trees are the most severely damaged. Small, distinct reddish brown spots form on diseased leaves. The fungus is a primary pathogen but is most often found on leaves infected with other pathogens. It may cause large brown spots on the leaf margin. Premature defoliation occurs when infection is severe. The fungus overwinters in fallen leaves. Spores are moved in the spring by air currents to healthy foliage where infection occurs. In most areas, symptoms are observed around midsummer and during the fall. Newly planted trees or those weakened from other causes appear to be the most severely damaged. Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page of 10 To prevent damage, water and fertilize trees properly. This includes furnishing iron to Texas red oaks thatdevelop chlorosis. Trees deficient in iron are under stress and are more susceptible to many foliage pathogens. Rake and destroy fallen leaves and use copper, maneb, zineb or benomyl-containing fungicides when needed. Diseases of Limbs and Trunks (Cankers) Endothia Canker (Fungus – Endothia gyrosa) Most oak species are susceptible. Endothia cankers usuallyare associated with pruning cuts or other wounds and appear as sunken areas on limbs, trunk and roots of trees. Bright orange pustules 1/16 to 1/8 inch in height and approximately 1/8 inch in diameter are present overthe surface of the canker. Cankers generally are elongated in shape and may extend for several inches. The fungus is most damaging on trees that are in a weakened condition. Stress induced by drought, low fertility or mechanical damage predisposes trees to damage from the fungus. Trees growing vigorouslyare generally resistant to infection. Ageneral maintenance program is important in preventing this problem. Prune when trees are dormant and the fungus is less active, reducing the chance of infection. When circumstances require pruning during the growing season, apply wound Endothia canker on red oak resulting from fungus invasion of a pruning cut. paints to freshly cut surfaces to prevent the fungus from coming in contact with exposed wood. Wound paints are not effective in inhibiting organisms that cause discoloration and decay. Remove limbs infected with Endothia. Fungicide sprays are ineffective in controlling this pathogen. Hypoxylon Canker (Fungus– Hypoxylon atropunctatum) While all oak species are susceptible, wateroaks and post oaks are among the most susceptible. Trees with Hypoxylon canker first appear chlorotic and develop thin foliage. In severe cases leaves die quickly and turn a light brown. They may cling to the tree for a short time. Soon after foliar systems develop, fungal structures may be observed on limbs and trunks. The rough, outer bark separates from the limb and trunk. On the wood where the bark sloughs,a reddish brown to olive green spore material with a dusty appearance forms. Soon thereafter a dark brown to black crusty material forms. The color of this material varies Early stage of Hypoxylon canker development on live oak. Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page of 10 with the species. On post oak the fungus is a dark brown while on the water oak the area appears as light reddish brown. This stage of the fungus lasts 6 to 12 months and then the area develops a gray appearance. Wood from trees that have died from Hypoxylon canker is lighter weight due to the rapid decaying action of the fungus. Trees die from Hypoxylon canker in a random pattern with no movement of the fungus from one tree to another through rootgrafts. Hypoxylon canker is most often associated with trees that are under environmental stress such as droughtor mechanical damage. The fungus often infects Texas red oaks and live oaks that have been infected with the oak wilt fungus. Wind and insectsare suspected of spreading the fungus spores. Good care is the most effective means of preventing the onset and development of disease. Deep watering during July, August and September is important in preventing moisture stress. Do not store wood from infected trees near healthy trees. If the fungus occurs on a scaffold limb, remove the limb to stop pathogen development. Make cuts 24 to 36 inches below the visibledamage to minimize the chance that the fungus has developed beyond the point of the cut. The effectiveness of pruning is determined by early detection of infection and pruning well in advance of the fungus. Treat cut areas with protective wound paint after pruning. Be sure to sterilize all pruning equipment before and after working on diseased trees. A dip of 1 part household bleach and 9 parts water will destroy the pathogen. Lightly oil all metal parts when completing the project to prevent damage to the equipment. Continued development of Hypoxylon canker. Final stage of Hypoxylon canker development. Heart Rot (Fungi – Several different species, including Polyporus spp., Poria spp., Hericium sp., Sterium spp.) Heartwood of any oak species may be invaded by one or more of the fungi mentioned above. These fungi are most damaging to older, mature trees that have been exposed to wounds, resulting from wind, ice, mechanical injury and insects. Heart rots may occur at the base of the treeor may extend into the trunk and larger branches. Tissue damaged by fire, construction equipment, wind and ice creates an ideal infection sitefor heart rot fungi. Following wounding, bacteria and non-decay fungi first invade and discolor the wood. Decay fungi then invade and destroy the inner portion of the tree. Injured trees may continue to be invaded by heart rot fungi. These fungi eventually form conks on the tree surface that produce spores having the ability to cause new infections on additional trees. Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page of 10 Heart rot is best controlled by preventing major wounds and using prescribed pruning techniques. If a tree is wounded, maintain it in good health so that the wound calluses rapidly. Commercial wound paints are not effective in preventing invasion of heart rot fungi. If heart rot is extensive and the tree is structurally unsound it should be removed. Filling cavities may lead to further decay if not done properly. Vascular Diseases Oak Wilt (Fungus – Ceratocystis fagacearum) All species of oaks are susceptible; however, Texas red oak and live oaks in the Hill Country and South Central areas are the most commonly affected. Post oak is rarelyaffected. The foliage of infected Texas red oaks turns pale green, then yellow and finally brown. Texasred oaks generally die within 7 to 30 days after the first disease symptom. Leaves turn brown and remain on thetree for weeks. Sucker sprouts often form on the dying trunks, but a diseased tree rarely survives more than one season. Most live oaks die within 60 days to 2 years after initial infection is observed. Some live oaks,however, survive for several years after infection. Weakened trees may be colonized by other fungi such a Hypoxylon sp. and Cephalosporium sp. A common symptom of oak wilt on live oak is flagging or browning ofleaves on individual limbs during spring months. Later in the year, leaves on infected limbs exhibit more specific patterns of chlorosis and necrosis. The most characteristic leaf symptom is dead tissue along the veins and tip of the leaf. Both symptoms can occur on the same treeand in some case on the same leaf. Defoliation occurs quickly after symptoms are observed. It is common to see complete defoliation within 30 days after infection. Symptom development is most rapid during spring and fall. The fungus spreads locally from tree to tree through rootgrafts and common root systems. The disease cycle as it occurs in Texas is shown in Figure 1. Insects spread it over long distances, depending on the formation of fungal mats beneath the bark of Texas red oaks (Spanish oaks). Thesemats form under cool, moist conditions and push bark away from the wood. The sweet odor of the fungal mat attracts insects. Spores are carried on the bodies of insects from mats to wounds and pruning cuts on healthy trees. Mat formation on Texas red oak is most active during March, April, May, June, October and November. Oak wilt mats have not been observed on species other than Texas red oak. Firewood also plays an important role in the spread of the fungus, in that it may harbor insects that emerge and transport spores. Controlof oak wilt is difficult with no one method proving effective in all cases.The oak wilt fungus usually radiates rapidly once established in an individual tree or motte of live oaks. Stopping the spread of fungus from the infection center should Vein banding of live oak leaves on oak therefore be the first objective. In stands of infected wilt infested trees. Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page of 10 Figure 1. Oak wilt disease cycle. Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page of 10 oaks, mechanically sever common root systems with a ditching machineor trencher or chemically with the soil fumigant Vapam. It is important when cutting roots that the trench bedeep enough to sever all existing roots. In some areas this may be difficult because of rock layers under the soil surface. In Figure 2, the suggested location for a trench is described in detail. Remove all trees on the disease side of the trench, including a band of symptomless trees. These trees may be infected and if left in place may serve as the source of inoculum for a new infection center. Trenching is most effective when Figure 2. Location of tranches to slow done in an area where well-defined oak wilt centers development of the oak wilt fungus from are widely separated and the soil is not underlain a centralized infection center. with rock. If Texas red oak is a major species in the tree population, trenching is less effectivebecause of the potential for mat formation and insect spread. Where the potential for oak wilt is high, remove and destroy diseased Texas red oaks. Do not store wood removedfrom oak wilt centers around healthytrees. If the wood is for firewood, cover with clear plastic to prevent the emergence of insects. It is necessary to use clear plastic so that insects are trapped and killed by the heating effect of the sunlight through the plastic. Unlike black plastic, clear plastic will not reveal exit holes to trapped insects. Immediately destroy wood not used for firewood. Prune in oak wilt areas during December, January, February and March. Pruning cuts made during fungal mat development may attract insects emerging from diseased trees. If trees are pruned during months of fungal activity, paint cuts with a wound paint to prevent insects from coming in contact with the fresh wounds. Pruning during high risk months should only be doneto repair storm or mechanical damage. Landowners should be especially cautious for 2 to 3 years following a disaster such as a tornado, hurricane, severe hail or following a period of mechanical activity around oak trees. Heavy equipment working around trees cancreate large wounds. When this occurs, insects are attracted to the site and may be carrying the wilt pathogen. Be prepared to clean an infection site as soon as it appears. Quick action reduces the number of trees eventually lost to the fungus. Currently no chemical treatment is recommended for control of the oak wilt fungus. Oak Decline (Complex involving stress factors and fungi). Although several fungi have been associated with the complex, presently Cephalosporum diospyri is the only fungus shown to produce decline symptoms in live oaks. Oak decline is a disease complex affecting trees under stress. In Texas,drought and urban stress are factors most often associated with infection.Trees having oak decline show a slow decline with a reduction in leaf size. The first noticeable symptom is failure of the tree to make normal top growth. Small twigs die and there is an overall thinning of the canopy. Twig dieback continues withlarger and larger limbs being killed. Eventually the only limbs alive are main scaffold limbs covered with small tufts of growth. This process may take several years depending upon environmental conditions. Continued stress hastens tree death. Trees that are kept in good health are not as susceptible to the complex. Based on past history, damage from oak decline can be expected during periods of extended drought. Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page of 10 Oak decline can be prevented on live oak with a program utilizing both cultural and chemical practices. Positive identification is made with the aid of laboratory procedures. Once a tree has been diagnosed as having oak decline, follow a complete maintenance program involving fertilizer application, deep watering during summer months, pruning and removal of dead or weak limbs. Treat trees in early stages of decline; destroy those that have no chance of recovery. Treat valuable trees with the systemic fungicide, Arbotect, sometime between June and October. Repeat treatment the following summer. Arbotect is effective in reducing symptoms of oak decline. It is administered by injection under pressure into the base of the tree. While specialized equipment is required, it is relatively inexpensive and easy to use. Arbotect is injected into the tree as close to the soil line as possible. For further information see product label. Miscellaneous Problems Mistletoe (Parasitic plant – Phoradendron sp.) Mistletoe is a parasitic plant that feeds in the vascular system of the host tree through specialized structures called haustoria. The visible portion of mistletoe is a leafy, evergreen plant that grows in bunches on limbs of thehost tree. Leaves are thick and waxy and female plants produce white berries. Birds spread seed to other trees where new plants form. The only control for mistletoe is to surgically remove the mistletoe plantand its attachment point. On small limbs make cuts 10 to 12 inches below the point of attachment. On larger limbs remove a suitable sized wood chip at the point of attachment. Chemical treatments have not proven effective. Ball Moss (Epiphytic plant – Tillandsia recuruata) Ball moss is a plant that grows on many shade trees and causes limbs to die. While it does not derive nourishment from living portions of the tree, it smothers developing buds by forming a dense, shading growth on limbs. Control ballmoss with foliar applications of fungicides such as Kocide 101. Apply just before an anticipated rainfall. Onseverely infested trees, a second application may be required in 12 months. When using Kocide avoid drift to nearby sensitive plants and buildings. Misletoe on pin oak tree. Ball moss development on post oak limbs. Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page of 10 Table 1. Summary of three major diseases of oak trees in Texas. Leaf Symptoms Control Measures Spreads through rootgrafts Principal trees affected Trees affected Characteristic symptoms Rate of death Shedding Chemical Isolation Oak wilt Texas red oak and live oak Chlorosis and necrosis along with marginal necrosis on some leaves Yes Rapid (Texas red oak 7-30 days; Live oak 30-60 days) Slow (2-8 years) Yes Healthy Yes No No Oak decline All oaks Reduced leaf size and twig die-back in crown of tree Leaves turn brown overall No Unknown Stressed Yes Yes Yes Hypoxylon Post oak, Texas red oak and water oak Retained for a short time Trees apNo pear thin and yellow for several weeks. In final stage which lasts 1-2 weeks trees go from yellow to brown. Stressed No No Yes Cultural Disease Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page 10 of 10 Lichens (Combined fungal and algal growth) Lichens assume several different shapes and colors. They may lie flat on the surface or developlong stringy growths. They vary from gray to a dirty orange in color. It is not uncommon to find several different types on the same limb. Lichens may be indicators of poor growth. They require sunlight to develop and as long as the tree canopy is thick their growth is impeded by shading. Most foliar fungicides will limit their development when or if control is desired. Lichens on small post oak limbs. This publication contains recommendations regarding agricultural chemicals. Changes in pesticide and herbicide regulations occur frequently. Some materials mentioned may no longer be available, and some uses may no longer be legal. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by the Harris County office of Texas Cooperative Extension nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. All pesticides distributed,sold, and/or applied in Texas must beregistered with the Texas Department of Agriculture. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Besure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical