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Garashada dayoowdaay Isma dhaanta dirirtaay Dibjir wada sarkhaamoo Darandoori laba dhinac Danab iyo madaafiic Magaaladii ku dumisaay Xageebaad hadhoow dagi Taladaba kumeey darin War hooy aan idiin digo Ha la is dilo xal ma ahee Dadku nolol ha raadshee Sida maad ka daysaan Armeey digasho reebtaa Dib armeey u eedaa Dagaalkii sokeeyaha Armeey caro is dooxdaa Sida duulki algu rogay Armaa daadku qaadaa Armeey dawgashiyo taah Hurdadaba la diidaa Taladaba kumeey darin War hooy aan idiin digo Ha la is dilo xal ma ahee Dadku nolol ha raadshee Sida maad ka daaysaan Xal beey waayi doontaa Dhalanbaabi beey noqon Mawjadaa daf siinoo Waxa sidii dabeylaha Dar xumeey ku noolaan Kala durugsanaantiyo Waa waxa loogu dawgalay Dacar ineey kabootee Taladaba kumeey darin Waa waxa loogu dawgalay Ineey dacar kabootee Taladaba kumeey darin War hooy aan idiin digo Ha la is dilo xalma ahee Dadku nolol ha raadshee Sida maad ka daysaan Taladaba kumeey darin Abaayo Ibrahim Baadil Iyo Faadumo Duur Kal gacalyka geeskaaga abaayo adna yaanu ku gees marine abaayo giijiyoo hasii deynin abaayo Faaduma Duur Kalgacaylkii guumoowyee aboowe igu noqey maguuraane aboowe gal galsho hurdadii nacaye aboowe Ibrahim Baadil Kal gacalyka geeskaaga abaayo adna yaanu ku gees marine abaayo giijiyoo hasii deynin abaayo Faaduma Duur Garanuug sideediiyeey aboowe kali socoto moyaane aboowe ma salaamo gacalkeeye aboowe Ibrahim Baadil Galabta caawa aheey farxadiyo damashaadkani guri galkeena weeyaane Faaduma Duur Mar hadaynu galabtaba goobeyney sheekadiiyeey caawa aan gam'aayaaye Ibrahim Baadil Galabta caawa aheey farxadiyo damashaadkani guri galkeena weeyaane Faaduma Duur Mar hadaynu galabtaba Ibrahim Baadil Waliba caano iyo waliiba caan iyo guulahaan ka barinaye sidaa garo gacaladaay sidaa garo gacaladaay Faaduma Duur Gurkaagu waa sharaf gurkeynu waa sharaf guri barwaaqiyo gabadh guulehay hanagu simo Beyddka Labbad Ibrahim Baadil Gacmahaagu waa dahabey abaayo wardigan fargashiga ahay abaayo iga guudoon oridaydaay abaayo Faaduma Duur Muuqa isla gaba xidhiye aboowe leylana god ka u dhigay aboowe cilmina geesaha u dhigay aboowe Ibrahim Baadil Gacmahaagu waa dahabey abaayo wardigan fargashiga ahay abaayo iga guudoon oridaydaay abaayo Faaduma Duur Kaa gudoomey aniguye aboowe geedkeena caashaqey aboowe midhihiisii maan gurane aboowe Ibrahim Baadil Gidigood haweenkoo idil adaan kaa gacloodoo gooni kuu ahaadee Faaduma Duur Mar hadaynu galabtaba goobeyney sheekadiiyeey caawa aan gam aayaaye Ibrahim Baadil Gidigood haweenkoo idil adaan kaa gacloodoo gooni kuu ahaadee Faaduma Duur Mar hadaynu galabtaba goobeyney sheekadiiyeey caawa aan gam aayaaye Ibrahim Baadil Waliba caano iyo waliiba caan iyo guulahaan ka barinaye sidaa garo gacaladaay sidaa garo gacaladaay Faaduma Duur Gurkaagu waa sharaf gurkeynu waa sharaf guri barwaaqiyo gabadh guulehay hanagu simo Ibrahim Baadil Waliba caano iyo waliiba caan iyo guulahaan ka barinaye sidaa garo gacaladaay sidaa garo gacaladaay Faaduma Duur Gurkaagu waa sharaf gurkeynu waa sharaf guri barwaaqiyo gabadh guulehay hanagu simo. Dhoof nooli kulantee Kuluc Jacaylkan I dhaawacey Jaceylkan idhalan rogey Jacaylkan idhaansadey Jaceylkii dhabta ahaa Soo dhawaatey halistii Markaad iga dhaqaaqdee Bal inaan ku dhiirado Dhexdaan xidhanayaa Malmal baan dhiteeysanee Dhoof nooli kulantee Ha dhalantaalin caashaqa Dhakso iigu soo noqo. Magool Anba dhiigu kama fulo Dhanbaal wadaha beerkoo Sidaan dhaxal u yeeshuu Idhex dagey ma guuree Waxan dhuuni ka cunaa Dhan dhanaansi kaliyee Way dhaamisaa weel Ilmada iga dhaceeysaa Dhabankayga qooysee Dhawr nabad kusii joog Ha dhantaalin caashaqa Dhakhso waan usoo noqon. Kuluc Dhaqaaq toobiyaha qaad Dhulku taago taago Dharaartuna dalaalimo Malaa igao ku dhawroo Wax ku dhiba ilaahey Kuuma soo dhaweeyee Gaadiidkana mid aan dhicin Dheeliyeen usii raac Dhakhso meel walba u taga Dhoof nooli kulantee Ha dhantaalin caashaqa Dhakhso iigusoo noqo. Magool Jacayl aan dhamaaneyn Jacayl aan I dhaafeeyn Dhuuxiyo wadnaha galey Jacaylkii dhulkeeygiyo Halkan igu dhibaayaan Debed u dhoofinayaa Waan soo dhiibi doonaa Dhanbaal iyo waraaqo aan Dhiig kusoo qoraayee Dhawr nabad kusii joog Ha dhantaalin caashaqa Dhakhso waan usoo noqon. waxaan sida u dhibta yar idiinku soo gudbineynaa heesihiina afka soomaaliyeed si aad uga haqab beeshaan micno iyo nuxurba Cajebey cajiib tubeec Cajebey cajiibeey Cawo iyo ayaaneey Caqligaad xadaysaa sida geed cal iyo buur dheer Carro-hodan ku yaalloo Cokanoo irmaanoo Dhirta kale ka caynoo Hoobaan casuus lihi Laamaha is-celisoo Ubaxuna tin iyo cidhib Kaga dhigay cabbaadhyiyo Dusha sare caleentii Cidhifka is la gaadhaan Biyo wada cabteenoo Haddaan lay cadaabayn Rabbi ii cadhoonayn Dadku in ku caashaqo Madowgiyo caddaankuba Ku caleemo saaraan Sow kuma canaanteen Cad waxaad wadaagtaan Dhulka oo cagaarloo Cosobkii is gaadhiyo Cagta meel la saaroon La cuskado la haynoo Fiid cawl horaantii Cirka oo daruuruhu Ku dhigeen canjiidaha Dayixiyo cadceeduna Cidhifyada ka joogaan Sagal caasha saaraad Biyo wada cabteenoo Haddaan lay cadaabayn Rabbi ii cadhoonayn Dadku in ku caashaqo Madowgiyo caddaankuba Ku caleemo saaraan Sow kuma canaanteen Sida faras cag fududoo Cadda horor yaqaannoo Gulufkiyo colaadaha Ninka lihi cad goostaa Raggu kuu cugtamayaa Cimri dherer hadhkaagaan Inay kula caweyaan Culimada jacaylkee Cawdeyda gooysee Ii cadaadinaysaa U calool yoobayaa Biyo wada cabteenoo Haddaan lay cadaabayn Rabbi ii cadhoonayn Dadku in ku caashaqo Madowgiyo caddaankuba Ku caleemo saaraan Sow kuma canaanteen balaan kula Dardaarmee sahra Axmed Dawadii nafteydoow balaan kula dardaarmee dabuubtaan ku leeyahey ku daabaco qalbiga oo waligaa hasii deyn duushayee allow nabadey qoraxduna dalaalimo ee caashaqana daadihi waliga hasii deyn Xassan Adan Darmaan taan jeclaayey balaan kula dardaarmee dantu wada jir weeyee docdaada yey ka beylihin anna teyda igu daa dunida oo barwaaqa ahey dalka nabad ku sii joogee caashaqana daadihi waligaa hasii deyn Sahra Axmed Dayaxii iftiimow balaan kula dardaarmee dumarkana adoo kale ta heshaa ma deysee dookhaaga ka adkow duushayee allow nabadey qoraxduna dalaalima ee caashaqana daadihi waliga hasii deyn Xassan Adan Deymada u rooney balaan kula dardaarmee kuwa loogu dow-galey labadii is doortee kala dila dadka is jecel ayaaney isku keen dirine dunida oo barwaaqa ahey dalka nabad ku sii joogee caashaqana daadihi waligaa hasii deyn mudantii ahweynkay maxamed mooge Mudantii haweenkaay marwadii la sheegee dadku wada majiirtaay dumar lama mid dhigayee muxubada kal gacalkaa laanyahay magooshee midhihiyo caleentiyo manka lagu talaalee ubax lagu mariimee qurux lagu manaystaay mudo aan yarayn baan kugu soo maqnaayoo ma ogtahay habeenadan sida mayayga roobkoo hadba maayad keenaa ii muuqa taayee muxibada kalgacalka hadba soo mir kacayaa Midhaha hadalku leeyey ereygiisa ma huraan waana loo mashxaradaa midaa taaladeedaa igu mayracaysaa marti waa la sooraa magan waa la bixiyaa haw udhuran masuuge maahmaahda sheegtayoo dhibtan ha igu madinine mudo aan yarayn baan kugu soo maqnaayoo ma ogtahay habeenadan sida mayayga roobkoo hadba maayad keenaa ii muuqa taayo muxibada jacaylka hadba soo mir kacayaa Masalooyin dhawroo mahadhooyideedaan kuu marinayaaye maqal waanadaydanoo miisaan warkeygoo caynkii xalaytoon waaba midhiq ii odhan madaxaanba duubtee naftu way ku maagtayoo kaa maar mi waydayee mudo aan yaraynbaan kugu soo maqnaayoo ma ogtahay habeenada sida mayayga roobkoo hadba maayad keenaa ii muuqa taayo muxibada jacaylkaa Cabdi Tahliil Onkod roobku madaayo aarna taaha madaayo anna taa ma ilaawoo jacayl ood rogan maayo oon hilaac bi in maayo ayro weerar madaayo ninlihi aamusi maaayo ergo geesi madiidoo ilaah tiisu ma oosho calaf la iska ma ooto ubax dayr ma qarsoomo godka lay iskuma aayo ifka la isu tudhaayee iilka la isma gar gargaroo aboor la iskama baajee nabsi hayga amaahan axdigii ina dhex yiiliyo ha iloobin aqoontee. Asaagay usha toosan iyo ooda hagaagsan hayiinkii asabaadee madigii afar deeqa inantiina ilwaadsan ee asluubi u dheer tahay sidaan u asteysto kuu eegana yaaye hadaan aamin idhaahdo waa aqoonta haweene oo rag iiga danbeeyo halka ay ka cawayso uur ku taalada maada arimidiisa jacaylka anigu soo dhaxli maayo nabsi hay iga amaahan axdigii ina dhex yiiliyo ha iloobin aqoontee. Sida oogta hilaaca ileyskeeda cadceeda amaantaada libaaxa malaa waanad ogeyne ayaan uurkiyo maanka wadnahayga agtiisa sida aayad ku taalaa uumiyaha u tusaayee haadii aanu ibleysku iga kaa anbineynin inaad ii tudhi weydo eegi maayo koley arin kuuma hambeynee araartii haku deeqdo sina hayga adkeysan nabsi hayga amaahan axdigii ina dhexyiiliyo ha iloobin aqoontee Waxaan ahay Bukaan Socod Lafoole Nimanyahoow dad lama beero mana baxo sidii geed ma ogtahihiin barbaarteenu beec iyo xaraashaa maha naf hadaad bilaash moodeen dhul batrool ku jira maaha macdan buur dusheed taala qiimiga in badan dheere kaligeey hadii aan bo ay hadii aan baroor diiqo baaqa yaa ila garan doona waxa aan ahay bukaan socod e. Nimanyahoow bulshada eega qubuurahana soo booqda inta wiil laxaad beeley bukaan socodka tiro gooba waloon beeni soconeeynin beelina wax tari mayso xukun baadil lagu raadshey dhibta looga bixi maayo kaligeey hadaan bo ay hadii aan baroor diiqo baaqa yaa ila garan doona waxa aan ahay bukaan socod e Nimanyahoow Alle ayaa boqora cilmi iyo awood badan leh bismilaahibaa dawo ah Bogo daya kitaabka badrad anaa xoog leh iyo baawir lagu faano Bukaase iyo Namruud iyo Illeeyn hawl ku bogn waaye Kaligeey hadaan Bo ay hadii aan baroor diiqo baaqa yaa ila garan doona waxa aan ahay bukaan socod e Views: 11489 Like Share Twitter Comment You need to be a member of Aduun to add comments! Join Aduun Comment by mustafe maxamed xusen on January 13, 2011at 2:04am lafoole asluub dumar iyo xisood aqoon iyo qurux haween marwadii eebahay asaageed dhaafiyaay ilayskii nuurayaay ishaa ii macalinee gayaanka adoo qudhaan naftayda ku aaminee adkaysaye inoo adkee Comment by mustafe maxamed xusen on January 13, 2011at 2:01am ninba wuxu ku taamaa ama hees u tiriyaa tixi gabay ku sheegaa halka lagu talaalee hawadiisu talaalee uurkiisu tabayee Comment by c/shakuur maxamed c/laahi mire on August 7, 2010 at 2:01am waa gabaygan soo socda waxa tiriyey c/shakuur maxamed c/laahi mire inan yahay daruur tiyo biyaha dahab la moodee u eeg dooga soo baxay dallawada rag foofsaday nimaan duunyo weli dhaqan daarana useesnayn hayeeshee cishqigu dagay dadna adiga kuu jecel dawadiis ma garataa mise inaad dalxiistiyo waxaad haybsataan dibad iyo dalaal shisheeyoo ma danaysid sheekada ubax yahaw dilaacee aan dabaysha aragee dayac laga ilaashoow xidig yahay da'deedii daayinkeedu dhaafshee qurux loogu deeqaay aawada halyeey dilan Comment by mulki haji on June 21, 2010 at 1:38pm jamaaljaamac05@hotmail.comMudantii haweenkaay marwadii la sheegee dadku wada majiirtaay dumar lama mid dhigayee muxubada kal gacalkaa laanyahay magooshee midhihiyo caleentiyo manka lagu talaalee ubax lagu mariimee qurux lagu manaystaay mudo aan yarayn baan kugu soo maqnaayoo ma ogtahay habeenadan sida mayayga roobkoo hadba maayad keenaa ii muuqa taayee muxibada kalgacalka hadba soo mir kacayaa Comment by mxirse on April 14, 2010 at 1:09am oll tx waad ku bahad santehiin rayegiina wanaagsan Comment by liibaan daauud caalin on April 13, 2010 at 11:44pm Ilbaxsanida hadalkiyo dagananto inan yahay waa waxaa dareentiyo nafta dammac galiyo kaga dortay kher dugsi dhaxanti ciliyoo dawadaaiitahax wadigoo daldheer jiraan halkan ka darema macanto wanku jeclahay Comment by dalmar maxamed cabdalla on April 3, 2010 at 1:11pm alla mahad le awood adagleh aduunyada nin noolow maxaa aragtay kuu laaban Comment by indha deeraley on March 31, 2010 at 11:34am asc belo cml

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cuddontaan jeclaayee Canbar iyo udgoonee Dhul cadar leh iyo cuud Cusub iyo ugbaadee Cirka oo da’ayoo Calcalyada xareedee Cuudku iyo xoolahu Ka caleeye duleeka Ciladooda leedahay Maalmo.com Ragu lama canaanoo Ciil laguma beeree Waxa lagu ciseeyaa Caadada iyo dhaqankii Layguna caka jiray Soo taynu caashaqa Ka ilaalin jirnay ceebtiyo Cadaw so i joogaba Caashay iskuma ogayn So taynu ciidii Ceelkii burcaadiyo Carigeeni hooyaba Caafimaad ku joognee Isku caloofiyooween Ragu lama canaanoo Ciil laguma beeree Waxa lagu ciseeyaa Caadada iyo dhaqankii Layguna caka jiray>>>>>>>>>>>>> DHEEMANEY JACEYLKII IGU NOQAY DHIRBAAXO DHAAWAC HALISTA GAADHIYO IGU QABAY DHIMBIILOO DHUUXIYO LAFAHA BUU DHAMAC UU IGA SHIDAYAA INTUU DHIIGA RAACUU DHAYAL IGU MAQUUNSHAY DHUUNI WAA IGA JARAYO HARAAD IGAMA DHAMAADO HURDO WAA IIGA DHAARTO DHULKA DHABAN MA SAARE DHARAAR IYO HABEEN BAA DHAWAQAAQU MARKUU DHAGAHAY KUSOO DHACO DHULKAA ILA WAREEGOO SIDA BARAFKAAN DHALAALAAA.

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cuddontaan jeclaayee Canbar iyo udgoonee Dhul cadar leh iyo cuud Cusub iyo ugbaadee Cirka oo da’ayoo Calcalyada xareedee Cuudku iyo xoolahu Ka caleeye duleeka Ciladooda leedahay Maalmo.com Ragu lama canaanoo Ciil laguma beeree Waxa lagu ciseeyaa Caadada iyo dhaqankii Layguna caka jiray Soo taynu caashaqa Ka ilaalin jirnay ceebtiyo Cadaw so i joogaba Caashay iskuma ogayn So taynu ciidii Ceelkii burcaadiyo Carigeeni hooyaba Caafimaad ku joognee Isku caloofiyooween Ragu lama canaanoo Ciil laguma beeree Waxa lagu ciseeyaa Caadada iyo dhaqankii Layguna caka jiray>>>>>>>>>>>>> DHEEMANEY JACEYLKII IGU NOQAY DHIRBAAXO DHAAWAC HALISTA GAADHIYO IGU QABAY DHIMBIILOO DHUUXIYO LAFAHA BUU DHAMAC UU IGA SHIDAYAA INTUU DHIIGA RAACUU DHAYAL IGU MAQUUNSHAY DHUUNI WAA IGA JARAYO HARAAD IGAMA DHAMAADO HURDO WAA IIGA DHAARTO DHULKA DHABAN MA SAARE DHARAAR IYO HABEEN BAA DHAWAQAAQU MARKUU DHAGAHAY KUSOO DHACO DHULKAA ILA WAREEGOO SIDA BARAFKAAN DHALAALAAA.

Buuga diiwaanka suugaanta iyo heelooyinka

maryuu u muuqda indhaha magane aragaa tahoo mohashada kalgacalkey ku mililicaanoo sida mayay aroor da,ay adigaa milkiyo sharaf maaxaya dhigoo nafta meyracaaye miirkii nafteydow kala maarmi meynee sida laba matanaa matanaa aan mideyno caashaqa mareer baxayoo magooloo munadi ubaxa tahoo maamuusta aragaa maanshe wax dheertahe meel joogsigaagiyo muuqaaga quruxda leh muraaqooday goortaan mahaadada xasuuste miirkii nafteydow kala maarmi meynee sida laba matanaa matanaa aan mideyno caashaqa>>>>>>>>>> Inanyahaw jamaalka iyo Jaaha lagu manaaystay Sidaan kuu jeclanahay Jahwareeray aniguye hee hee X2 Doogi iyo ilwaadaa Isoo jiidanayoo Meeshii aad joogtaa Jabaq iiga yeedhaa X2 Maalmo.com Jiro iyo walaac baa Naftaydi Jikaaroo Jaamjaamay maante X2 Naftaydaa ku jamaate Nolol kaa jeclaate Kuu jeda adigoo Jirif kaa sugaysee Jaanta ha iga hayn X2 Qays iyo Laylaaa iilka jiifee Ha i jabinin nacabkee Ha i jabinin Ha i jabinin nacabkee Jihadayda soo eeg>>>>>>>>>>>>> Maalmaha qaloocaa Hadii ay kaa marooraan Waa muraayad waayuhu Caashaqu ka muuqdee Marbaan sida mayeedhaan Mudo aamusaayoo Isha midhiq ka siiyaa Maalmo.com Mar waxaan idhaahdaa Siday tahey mar curad geel Ilmii mawdku kal tagey Maqaarsaarka ciidaa Yaa maali jirayeey Marbaan mawjadaha dheer Maaxaa dhexdoodoo Muuqeyga la arkaa Laakiinse aan maqanahey Intaasoo marxaladood Anigoo kasoo marey Ma huraan dhulkeeniyo Ayan manta ka horow Ma higaanku igu dhicin. Waayaha ma duugaa Hadii uu kaa madawyahey Waa uguryo deebaaq Caashaqa martiyayee Marbaan mudanta ciida Cadaw iga magoodiyey Muragadeeda la ooyaa Mar waxan idhaahdaa Rag naftiisa mooyee Maaree dhibaate Mintidoo is diidsii Muhashana sidkaa filo Marbaan malaha beentaa Muuq maryo u xidhey Maaweeliyaayoo Laakiinse ay maqantahey Intaasoo marxaladood Anigoo kasoo marey Muharaan dhulkeeniyo Ma naxaanka caashaqa Ayaan manta ka horow Mahuraanku igu dhicin>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Gobaadee galacalkii Gudaheena yaaliyo Gogashaan atkeestaa Gunto olal ka baxisoo Geedu adigu maahee Maxaa guriga ii galay Hebishii jacaylkaan Gaadiid sidiisi Ku sidaa garabaha Gacalooy sidii baan Gaabaha u cunayaa Adiguna hagaagaxin Anna guurimaayee Maalmo.com Gobbadee igama go’in Guri yakleedahe Daarahan astaantii Gaarka kuu ahaydiyo Guri labo galkaakii Nin ogaabaa garan karo Heshii jacaylkaan Gaadiid sidiisi Ku sidaa garabaha Gacaylayoo sidii Gaabaha u cunayaa Adiguna hagaagaxin Anna guurimaayee

Buuga diiwaanka suugaanta iyo heelooyinka

maryuu u muuqda indhaha magane aragaa tahoo mohashada kalgacalkey ku mililicaanoo sida mayay aroor da,ay adigaa milkiyo sharaf maaxaya dhigoo nafta meyracaaye miirkii nafteydow kala maarmi meynee sida laba matanaa matanaa aan mideyno caashaqa mareer baxayoo magooloo munadi ubaxa tahoo maamuusta aragaa maanshe wax dheertahe meel joogsigaagiyo muuqaaga quruxda leh muraaqooday goortaan mahaadada xasuuste miirkii nafteydow kala maarmi meynee sida laba matanaa matanaa aan mideyno caashaqa>>>>>>>>>> Inanyahaw jamaalka iyo Jaaha lagu manaaystay Sidaan kuu jeclanahay Jahwareeray aniguye hee hee X2 Doogi iyo ilwaadaa Isoo jiidanayoo Meeshii aad joogtaa Jabaq iiga yeedhaa X2 Maalmo.com Jiro iyo walaac baa Naftaydi Jikaaroo Jaamjaamay maante X2 Naftaydaa ku jamaate Nolol kaa jeclaate Kuu jeda adigoo Jirif kaa sugaysee Jaanta ha iga hayn X2 Qays iyo Laylaaa iilka jiifee Ha i jabinin nacabkee Ha i jabinin Ha i jabinin nacabkee Jihadayda soo eeg>>>>>>>>>>>>> Maalmaha qaloocaa Hadii ay kaa marooraan Waa muraayad waayuhu Caashaqu ka muuqdee Marbaan sida mayeedhaan Mudo aamusaayoo Isha midhiq ka siiyaa Maalmo.com Mar waxaan idhaahdaa Siday tahey mar curad geel Ilmii mawdku kal tagey Maqaarsaarka ciidaa Yaa maali jirayeey Marbaan mawjadaha dheer Maaxaa dhexdoodoo Muuqeyga la arkaa Laakiinse aan maqanahey Intaasoo marxaladood Anigoo kasoo marey Ma huraan dhulkeeniyo Ayan manta ka horow Ma higaanku igu dhicin. Waayaha ma duugaa Hadii uu kaa madawyahey Waa uguryo deebaaq Caashaqa martiyayee Marbaan mudanta ciida Cadaw iga magoodiyey Muragadeeda la ooyaa Mar waxan idhaahdaa Rag naftiisa mooyee Maaree dhibaate Mintidoo is diidsii Muhashana sidkaa filo Marbaan malaha beentaa Muuq maryo u xidhey Maaweeliyaayoo Laakiinse ay maqantahey Intaasoo marxaladood Anigoo kasoo marey Muharaan dhulkeeniyo Ma naxaanka caashaqa Ayaan manta ka horow Mahuraanku igu dhicin>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> Gobaadee galacalkii Gudaheena yaaliyo Gogashaan atkeestaa Gunto olal ka baxisoo Geedu adigu maahee Maxaa guriga ii galay Hebishii jacaylkaan Gaadiid sidiisi Ku sidaa garabaha Gacalooy sidii baan Gaabaha u cunayaa Adiguna hagaagaxin Anna guurimaayee Maalmo.com Gobbadee igama go’in Guri yakleedahe Daarahan astaantii Gaarka kuu ahaydiyo Guri labo galkaakii Nin ogaabaa garan karo Heshii jacaylkaan Gaadiid sidiisi Ku sidaa garabaha Gacaylayoo sidii Gaabaha u cunayaa Adiguna hagaagaxin Anna guurimaayee

Insecticides

INSECTICIDES Acephate Acetamiprid Alphacypermethrin Cartaphydrochloride Chlorpyriphos Cypermethrin Deltamethrin Dichlorovos Dicofol Dimethoate Endosulfan Ethion Fenvalerate Fipronil Imidaclorpid Lambda Cyhalothrin Malathion Monocrotophos Permethrin Profenofos Propoxur Quinalphos Sulphur Thiomethoxam Triazophos 75% SP 20% SP 3%, 5%, 10% EC & 10% SC 4% Granules, 50% SP 20%, 40%, 40.8%, 45%, 48%, 50% EC & 5% DP, 25% WP 5%, 10%, 20%, 25%, 35%EC 1.5%, 2.5%, 2.8%, 11% EC & 2.4% SC 76% EC 18.5% & 35% EC 40% EC 35%, 48% EC & 2%, 4% DP 46.5% & 50% EC 20% EC & 20% WP 2.5% EC, 5% EC & 4.95% SC 9.6% SL, 17.8% SL, 20% SL & 30.5% SC 1% WP, 10% WP, 2.5% EC & 5% EC 40%, 48%, 50%, 57%EC & 5% DP, 25% WP, 50% WP 36% & 40% SL 5% & 10% EC 43% & 50% EC 1% DP 25% EC, 40% EC 80% WP 25% WDG 20% EC, 40% EC

Insecticides

INSECTICIDES Acephate Acetamiprid Alphacypermethrin Cartaphydrochloride Chlorpyriphos Cypermethrin Deltamethrin Dichlorovos Dicofol Dimethoate Endosulfan Ethion Fenvalerate Fipronil Imidaclorpid Lambda Cyhalothrin Malathion Monocrotophos Permethrin Profenofos Propoxur Quinalphos Sulphur Thiomethoxam Triazophos 75% SP 20% SP 3%, 5%, 10% EC & 10% SC 4% Granules, 50% SP 20%, 40%, 40.8%, 45%, 48%, 50% EC & 5% DP, 25% WP 5%, 10%, 20%, 25%, 35%EC 1.5%, 2.5%, 2.8%, 11% EC & 2.4% SC 76% EC 18.5% & 35% EC 40% EC 35%, 48% EC & 2%, 4% DP 46.5% & 50% EC 20% EC & 20% WP 2.5% EC, 5% EC & 4.95% SC 9.6% SL, 17.8% SL, 20% SL & 30.5% SC 1% WP, 10% WP, 2.5% EC & 5% EC 40%, 48%, 50%, 57%EC & 5% DP, 25% WP, 50% WP 36% & 40% SL 5% & 10% EC 43% & 50% EC 1% DP 25% EC, 40% EC 80% WP 25% WDG 20% EC, 40% EC

Insecticides

INSECTICIDES Acephate Acetamiprid Alphacypermethrin Cartaphydrochloride Chlorpyriphos Cypermethrin Deltamethrin Dichlorovos Dicofol Dimethoate Endosulfan Ethion Fenvalerate Fipronil Imidaclorpid Lambda Cyhalothrin Malathion Monocrotophos Permethrin Profenofos Propoxur Quinalphos Sulphur Thiomethoxam Triazophos 75% SP 20% SP 3%, 5%, 10% EC & 10% SC 4% Granules, 50% SP 20%, 40%, 40.8%, 45%, 48%, 50% EC & 5% DP, 25% WP 5%, 10%, 20%, 25%, 35%EC 1.5%, 2.5%, 2.8%, 11% EC & 2.4% SC 76% EC 18.5% & 35% EC 40% EC 35%, 48% EC & 2%, 4% DP 46.5% & 50% EC 20% EC & 20% WP 2.5% EC, 5% EC & 4.95% SC 9.6% SL, 17.8% SL, 20% SL & 30.5% SC 1% WP, 10% WP, 2.5% EC & 5% EC 40%, 48%, 50%, 57%EC & 5% DP, 25% WP, 50% WP 36% & 40% SL 5% & 10% EC 43% & 50% EC 1% DP 25% EC, 40% EC 80% WP 25% WDG 20% EC, 40% EC

Insecticides

Fungicides

FUNGICIDES Carbendazim Copper Oxychloride Difenconazole Dithianon Hexaconazole Mancozeb Mancozeb Miclobutanil Propiconazole Tebuconazole Tricyclozole 50% SC & 50% WP 50% WP 24.9% EC 5%EC, 10% EC & 5% SC 5%, 10% EC & 5% SC 80% & 75% WP 63 % + Carbendazim 12% WP 10% WP 10%, 25% EC 24.9% EW 75% WP

Fungicides

FUNGICIDES Carbendazim Copper Oxychloride Difenconazole Dithianon Hexaconazole Mancozeb Mancozeb Miclobutanil Propiconazole Tebuconazole Tricyclozole 50% SC & 50% WP 50% WP 24.9% EC 5%EC, 10% EC & 5% SC 5%, 10% EC & 5% SC 80% & 75% WP 63 % + Carbendazim 12% WP 10% WP 10%, 25% EC 24.9% EW 75% WP

Fungicides

FUNGICIDES Carbendazim Copper Oxychloride Difenconazole Dithianon Hexaconazole Mancozeb Mancozeb Miclobutanil Propiconazole Tebuconazole Tricyclozole 50% SC & 50% WP 50% WP 24.9% EC 5%EC, 10% EC & 5% SC 5%, 10% EC & 5% SC 80% & 75% WP 63 % + Carbendazim 12% WP 10% WP 10%, 25% EC 24.9% EW 75% WP

Weedicides

WEEDICIDES Ametryn Butachlor Glyphosate Isoproturon Pendimethalin Pretilachlor 25% EC 50% EC 36%, 41% & 48% SL 75% WP 30%, 34% & 50% EC 2% GR

Weedicides

WEEDICIDES Ametryn Butachlor Glyphosate Isoproturon Pendimethalin Pretilachlor 25% EC 50% EC 36%, 41% & 48% SL 75% WP 30%, 34% & 50% EC 2% GR

Combination products

COMBINATION PRODUCTS Chlorpyriphos 16% + Alphacypermethrin 1% EC Chlorpyriphos 22.5% + Cypermethrin 2.5% EC Chlorpyriphos 45% + Cypermethrin 5% EC Chlorpyriphos 50% + Cypermethrin 5% EC Quinalphos 20% + Cypermethrin 3% EC Profenofos 40% + Cypermethrin 4% EC Profenofos 20% + Cypermethrin 5% EC Profenofos 25%+ Cypermethrin 5% EC Profenofos 30% + Cypermethrin 10% EC Profenofos 10% + Cypermethrin 20% EC Cypermethrin 20% + Permethrin 10% EC

Combination products

COMBINATION PRODUCTS Chlorpyriphos 16% + Alphacypermethrin 1% EC Chlorpyriphos 22.5% + Cypermethrin 2.5% EC Chlorpyriphos 45% + Cypermethrin 5% EC Chlorpyriphos 50% + Cypermethrin 5% EC Quinalphos 20% + Cypermethrin 3% EC Profenofos 40% + Cypermethrin 4% EC Profenofos 20% + Cypermethrin 5% EC Profenofos 25%+ Cypermethrin 5% EC Profenofos 30% + Cypermethrin 10% EC Profenofos 10% + Cypermethrin 20% EC Cypermethrin 20% + Permethrin 10% EC

Public health product

PUBLIC HEALTH PRODUCTS Deltamethrin Temephos Chlorpyriphos Lindane Lamda Cyhalothrin Chlorpyriphos (Methyl) Imidachloprid 2.8% EC, 2.4% SC 25% EC, 50% EC, 1% Gr 20% EC, 48% EC 20% EC 10% WP 50% EC 30.5% SC

Public health product

PUBLIC HEALTH PRODUCTS Deltamethrin Temephos Chlorpyriphos Lindane Lamda Cyhalothrin Chlorpyriphos (Methyl) Imidachloprid 2.8% EC, 2.4% SC 25% EC, 50% EC, 1% Gr 20% EC, 48% EC 20% EC 10% WP 50% EC 30.5% SC

Buuga diiwaanka suugaanta iyo heelooyinka

Xirsoow daadah oo debida baro dani-ba yeelkeede Duqa ha iska raacee warkuun ugu dar mooyaane Hayskala dalxiisee dushuun ka arag mooyaanee Deelay hadaad tirisay iyo waliba deelqaafkan Oo aad digniin bixinaysoo adigu doobyayso Digtoonoow anaa kula dacwiyi , doodna kaa badine Taariikhda duuga ah hadaad dib ugafaalootay Dulcad iyo markii maatadii qaadhka lagu daadshay Ee ay Daroor iyo tageen , duurka iyo hawdka Dambarsamalay qaalmii markii duulanku is jiidhay Wixii diric nin raga, maalintaa qaydka lagu duubay Dabaqdhoonka geelee isagu diday ma sheegayne Xirsoow maad dagaalamin rabigu wayna dilayaaye Daljirkiise qarsoonaa hadaanu maanta dibad joogin Taas danqaabi maayoo ilayn ways dugsanaysaaye Waxa Maantaa lagu daynayaa , Dirirdhabaan tegey Afartaa miyaan deelka gabay doc uga waydaaray Daalaadhac iigama tagee , duurxulkii gabay dheh Darwiish, Faarax nuur iyo Gahayr derisyadoodii dheh Dabaq Qaasim, dubii yawle-iyo dacartii baar-eeg dheh Sidii daad rogmaday waa murtida daaficii Caliye Bal aan dunida waayaha markale dacaladaa eego Dirkii Ina Sadam( 1 ) waad ogtahay siday u diirteene Dalandoolkii Seef(2) wuxuu xidhnaa dumar hugoodiiye Isagoo daliiley qabteen daanaduu falaye Dayrcadkii Xusniyo(3) wiilashii Dooli laga yeelye Iyagaba daluun iyo hog-baa lagu daboolaaye Hadeer Dimishiq iyo daarihii laysu dacareeye Maanta la day-dayaha-yaa danabkii dheeraaye(4) Degelkeenan waad garanaysaa duubcastii hore,e Daacuf-lii Cadeed , Faalso iyo Daalinkii Gaani Dusha marinta baastooladii, Moorgan laga diidye Dariiqaa la wadhay inamadii, duhur dharaareede Dalqo wayne(5), waa loo dawaray dabadii ooryiiye Nin kastoo daruuraha qabtaa maalinbuu degaye Duunkaa la eegaa nafluhu waa is daba jooge Intay dubatay Wiil hoog ayaan ruux dafirahayne Dambarsamalay qaalmii markii duulanku is jiidhay Wixii diric nin raga, maalintaa qaydka lagu duubay Dabaqdhoonka geelee isagu diday ma sheegayne Xirsoow maad dagaalamin rabigu wayna dilayaaye Daljirkiise qarsoonaa hadaanu maanta dibad joogin Taas danqaabi maayoo ilayn ways dugsanaysaaye Waxa Maantaa lagu daynayaa , Dirirdhabaan tegeye Afartaa miyaan deelka gabay doc uga waydaaray Daalaadhac iigama tagee , duurxulkii gabay dheh Darwiish, Faarax nuur iyo Gahayr derisyadoodii dheh Dabaq Qaasim, dubii yawle-iyo dacartii baar-eeg dheh Sidii daad rogmaday waa murtida daaficii Caliye Nin darjiidhayaan doonayaa inaan dabaalaaye Dooh qaalin buubaaya-baa lagu dabreeyaaye Hadii uu dulqaad kaasi yahay doontiiwaa halise Bal dareenka waanada mar kale aanu daro haanta Dambarkeeda dhayda ah, amaba malabka doocaana Hadii aan wax kale lagu darayn waa dawo Ilaahe Layska diid daliilkii Alliyo , daa,in xeerkiiye Dawlad iyo la kala saar midkii dani ku qoolayde Goormay distoor gaal Xaqii kala dab qaateen dheh Dimquraadi goormay Sharciga daris wadaageen dheh Waar waad dambaabtaye adeer dib uga soo laabo Dulqaad baa xilkana loo ogaa dibu heshiisiine Deris kugula nool meel waxa u roon, inaad dawaysaaye Malaa dacar magow iyo ma gayo daabcad baan sidane Rag is dayno mooyee ma laha dirir inoo xeere Mid ku dura , mid kuu duurxuliyo , boqol ku diidaaya Mid dareen galoo kaa shakiyay kaana diday haatan Qaar kugu dambaaboo ku yidhi hadalo deelqaaf ah Iyo qaar dakano sheegtayood , dhakharo gaadhsiisay Oo aad xilkii kaba dirtoo , dibada meeraaya Ninyoow daacada Ilaah , dad kaa qayliyaa badane Daruuraha inaad saarto ood damaqdo mooyaane Inaad kala diraysoo inaad dacar walaaqayso Ood dabin u qooshoo , adigu dumiso mooyaane Diiwaanku muu qorin xirsoow wuu dejinayaaaaye Waxse iga dardaarana midbaan kuugu darayaaye Murti kaa da,weyn iyo hadaan hadal ku deeqsiiyo Oon daabac maansada ku xidho yaandib loo furine Odayada duqoobiyo abwaan da,aha mooyaane Kuwan kuu durbaan tuamahayee kuugu daray heesta Ee yidhi darwiish baad tihiyo dumar ha waydiin dheh Doolo iyo hawd sare markuu dirirku soo joogo Ee daakiradii xeryaha laga dareeraayo Daabadkii hayina iyo midkii dirifle buubaala ah Docda gurada keebaa caruur lagu daboolaa dheh Oo dumar ku aamini karaa , maataday dihatay Waa duurxul waayeel waxaan kuu dulmarayaaye Durduro iyo raadqaadka ubad kee danbayn jiray dheh Dooxa iyo jidhaamaha midkee lagu dabaashaa dheh Darbanta iyo leedada nin ragi miyuu ka diraa dheh Meel aan dagaal jirin miyuu diric hubqaataa dheh Daahiya nin ogi saw qabriga dib umajeedaasho Dab wixii shidaayiyo xumaha saw kadurug maaha Dalawooy hasheenii mar kale daayac yay mudane Xagayagan warmaha dadan la yidhi ducona loo yeelye Alloow doobir baan nidhi waxuu inanku doonaayo ALLOOW DOOBIR BAAN NIDHI WUXUUINANKU DOONAAYO Ma’ogtahay gafbadaneey Labo gacal wadaagaan Inta gogol fariisteen Guri wada yaglelee Dooqooda gaarkiyo Guurkooda xalaashana Go’aankooda weeye Gardaro ha uqaadan Maalmo.com Go’aankooda weeye Gardaro ha uqaadan Inanyaheey Meel geeri go’aniyo Gaahibaa gaahibaa Gaahibaa dhex joogtaa Oo meela geeri go’aniyo Gaahibaa dhex joogtaa Gaahibaa gabalkiina kugu dhacay Gadgadoonka hadalkaa Kolba gees uyacayaa Oo gayaan is jecelbaa Ku baabi’i karaayee Hadalkaaga guracan 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Cilmiga beeraha

Abamectin / Pyridaben 0.3% / 10.2% WP ICAMA: Ls20072495 Toxicity: low toxicity Function: control red spider Active ingredient: abamectin / pyridaben Plant: Orange tree Method: spray Kills pest: rd spider Dosage: a70-105mg/kg Abamectin / Pyridaben 0.3% / 10.2% WP Deltavap – 5% EC Deltamethrin Diazinon (15% , 20% , 25% . 60%)EC Diazinon VAP MALATHION -50% EC Malathio VAPCOCIDIN – 20% EC Fenvalerate Vapcour SC Imidocloprid 35% VAPCOZIN (12.5% , 20%) EC Amitraz

Cilmiga beeraha

Abamectin / Pyridaben 0.3% / 10.2% WP ICAMA: Ls20072495 Toxicity: low toxicity Function: control red spider Active ingredient: abamectin / pyridaben Plant: Orange tree Method: spray Kills pest: rd spider Dosage: a70-105mg/kg Abamectin / Pyridaben 0.3% / 10.2% WP Deltavap – 5% EC Deltamethrin Diazinon (15% , 20% , 25% . 60%)EC Diazinon VAP MALATHION -50% EC Malathio VAPCOCIDIN – 20% EC Fenvalerate Vapcour SC Imidocloprid 35% VAPCOZIN (12.5% , 20%) EC Amitraz

Cilmiga beeraha

Abamectin / Pyridaben 0.3% / 10.2% WP ICAMA: Ls20072495 Toxicity: low toxicity Function: control red spider Active ingredient: abamectin / pyridaben Plant: Orange tree Method: spray Kills pest: rd spider Dosage: a70-105mg/kg Abamectin / Pyridaben 0.3% / 10.2% WP Deltavap – 5% EC Deltamethrin Diazinon (15% , 20% , 25% . 60%)EC Diazinon VAP MALATHION -50% EC Malathio VAPCOCIDIN – 20% EC Fenvalerate Vapcour SC Imidocloprid 35% VAPCOZIN (12.5% , 20%) EC Amitraz

Cilmiga beeraha

1) Humic Acid 2) Organic Fertilizer 3) Formulator Series 1. Diethyl Aminoethyl Hexanoate 8%SP 2. Mepiquate Chloride 8% SP 3. Fipronil 8% WG 4. Abamectin / Pyridaben 0.3% / 10.2% WP 5. Moroxydine Hydrochloride / Ribavirin 30%/1% SP 6. Flusilazole 8% ME 7. Prochloraz-Manganese-Chloride Complex 50% WP 8. Tebufenozide 20% SC 1) Diethyl Aminoethyl Hexanoate 8%SP ICAMA: LS20082530 Toxicity: low toxicity Function: Plant growth regulator andyield increasing. Active ingredient: diethyl aminoethyle hexanoate Plant: celery cabage Method: spray Dosage: 40-60mg/kg 2)Mepiquate chloride 8% SP ICAMA: In process Toxicity: low mammalian toxicity Function: control vine and yield increasing Active ingredient: mepiquat chloride Plant: sweet Potato Method: spray Dosage: 200-300mg/kg 3) Fipronil 8% WG ICAMA: In process Toxicity: middle mammalian toxicity Function: control chilo suppressalis Active ingredient: fipronil Plant: rice Method: spray Dosage: 14-48/hectare/1000M2 4) Abamectin / Pyridaben 0.3% / 10.2% WP ICAMA: Ls20072495 Toxicity: low toxicity Function: control red spider Active ingredient: abamectin / pyridaben Plant: Orange tree Method: spray Kills pest: rd spider Dosage: a70-105mg/kg 5) Moroxydine hydrochloride / Ribavirin 30%/1% SP ICAMA: LS20081026 Toxicity: low toxicity Function: control virus disease Active ingredient: moroxydine hydrochloride / ribavirin Plant: tomato Method: spray Cure: virus disease Dosage: 291388g/hectare/1000m2 6) Flusilazole 8% ME ICAMA: LS20081365 Toxicity: low toxicity Function: Control powdery mildew Active ingredient: flusilazone Plant: cucumber Method: spray Cure: powdery mildew Dosage: 48-72g/hectare / 1000M2 7) Prochloraz-manganese-chloride complex 50% WP ICAMA: LS20081188 Toxicity: low toxicity Function: control penicilliosis Active ingredient: Prochloraz-manganese chloride comples Plant: Orange Method: Spray Cure: Penicilliosis 8) Tebufenozide 20% SC ICAMA: LS20081842 Toxicity: low toxicity Function: control asparagus caterpillar Active ingredient: tebufenozide Plant: Brassicaceous vegetable Method: spray Cure: asparagus caterpillar Dosage: 200-300 g/hectare/1000m2 4) Brassicaceous vegetable 5) Penicilliosis 6) cucumber 7)

Cilmiga beeraha

1) Humic Acid 2) Organic Fertilizer 3) Formulator Series 1. Diethyl Aminoethyl Hexanoate 8%SP 2. Mepiquate Chloride 8% SP 3. Fipronil 8% WG 4. Abamectin / Pyridaben 0.3% / 10.2% WP 5. Moroxydine Hydrochloride / Ribavirin 30%/1% SP 6. Flusilazole 8% ME 7. Prochloraz-Manganese-Chloride Complex 50% WP 8. Tebufenozide 20% SC 1) Diethyl Aminoethyl Hexanoate 8%SP ICAMA: LS20082530 Toxicity: low toxicity Function: Plant growth regulator andyield increasing. Active ingredient: diethyl aminoethyle hexanoate Plant: celery cabage Method: spray Dosage: 40-60mg/kg 2)Mepiquate chloride 8% SP ICAMA: In process Toxicity: low mammalian toxicity Function: control vine and yield increasing Active ingredient: mepiquat chloride Plant: sweet Potato Method: spray Dosage: 200-300mg/kg 3) Fipronil 8% WG ICAMA: In process Toxicity: middle mammalian toxicity Function: control chilo suppressalis Active ingredient: fipronil Plant: rice Method: spray Dosage: 14-48/hectare/1000M2 4) Abamectin / Pyridaben 0.3% / 10.2% WP ICAMA: Ls20072495 Toxicity: low toxicity Function: control red spider Active ingredient: abamectin / pyridaben Plant: Orange tree Method: spray Kills pest: rd spider Dosage: a70-105mg/kg 5) Moroxydine hydrochloride / Ribavirin 30%/1% SP ICAMA: LS20081026 Toxicity: low toxicity Function: control virus disease Active ingredient: moroxydine hydrochloride / ribavirin Plant: tomato Method: spray Cure: virus disease Dosage: 291388g/hectare/1000m2 6) Flusilazole 8% ME ICAMA: LS20081365 Toxicity: low toxicity Function: Control powdery mildew Active ingredient: flusilazone Plant: cucumber Method: spray Cure: powdery mildew Dosage: 48-72g/hectare / 1000M2 7) Prochloraz-manganese-chloride complex 50% WP ICAMA: LS20081188 Toxicity: low toxicity Function: control penicilliosis Active ingredient: Prochloraz-manganese chloride comples Plant: Orange Method: Spray Cure: Penicilliosis 8) Tebufenozide 20% SC ICAMA: LS20081842 Toxicity: low toxicity Function: control asparagus caterpillar Active ingredient: tebufenozide Plant: Brassicaceous vegetable Method: spray Cure: asparagus caterpillar Dosage: 200-300 g/hectare/1000m2 4) Brassicaceous vegetable 5) Penicilliosis 6) cucumber 7)

Cilmiga beeraha

During periods of severe infection premature defoliation may occur. Anthracnose rarely kills, but trees severely defoliated annually becomeweakened. The fungus overwinters in infected leaves. In the spring airborne fungal spores are produced that infect developing leaves. Soon after infection, leaves become necrotic and secondary spore production occurs. This cycle may continue as long as weather conditions favor fungal development. Damage from this disease is most severe when light rain or dew occurs during budbreak and leaf expansion. Sanitation is necessary in controlling anthracnose since the pathogen survives from year to year in fallen leaves. Rake leaves when they fall rather than waiting for full leaf drop. Destroy leaves from diseased trees or place in a compost pile to undergo heating to kill the fungus. A protective fungicide may be required if damagepersists. Apply necessary sprays in the spring during leaf emergence and repeat in 7 to 14 days as needed.Oak Leaf Blister (Fungus – Taphrina caerulescens) Water oak, post oak, red oak and live oak are most often infected with the oak leaf blister fungus. Of these, water oak is the most susceptible. A leaf infected with the fungus will have a distinct bulge on its upper surface. The surface opposite the bulge has a light green-to-olive, velvety fungal growth. With age this growth becomes dark brown-to-black in color. The raised area on the leaf is first light green but turns brown withage. The remainder of the leaf retains a green color. Little defoliation occurs unless infection is extensive. HC-GFS-06-002 Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page of 10 The fungus overwinters on bud scales. In the spring as buds begin to open, overwintering fungal spores germinate during favorable weather and infect developing leaves. Mild temperatures and light rain or dew during bud opening are necessary forinfection to occur. Chemical control ofoak leaf blister is not often suggested except for very susceptible and valuable trees growing in humid areas. Treat trees that have a history of severe damagefrom oak leaf blister with a copper-containing fungicide in the spring just before bud opening. Fungicides applied after infection occurs are not effective. Oak leaves infected with the oak leaf Powdery Mildew (Fungus – Phyllactinia corylea and others) blister fungus. All species of oaks are susceptible, but some are more prone to extensive damage than others. Powdery mildew on live oaks is first visible as faint yellow spots on the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves during the latter part of summer. Spots are normally round and approximately to inch in diameter. Premature defoliation occurs with severe infection. Usually, however, leaves are retained until normal leaf shed. In the case of otheroaks, powdery mildew may cover theentire leaf surface giving the Powdery mildew on live oak leaves. appearance of a fine white to gray powder. The fungus overwinters on infected leaves in a spore stage which is resistant to adverse weather conditions. In the spring andsummer fungal spores are carried by air currents to infect leaves of healthy trees. Fungal structures develop only in and on the outer layer of leaf cells. Sanitation is important in controlling powdery mildew since initial inoculum comes from leaves infected the previous year. Rake and discard fallen leaves in a compost pile where they can undergo complete decay. Applying a benomyl-containing fungicide keeps high-value trees free of the fungus. Use a wetting agent with the fungicide to improve coverage of the waxy leaf surface. Actinopelte Leafspot (Fungus – Actinopelte dryina) All species of oaks are susceptible, but young red oak trees are the most severely damaged. Small, distinct reddish brown spots form on diseased leaves. The fungus is a primary pathogen but is most often found on leaves infected with other pathogens. It may cause large brown spots on the leaf margin. Premature defoliation occurs when infection is severe. The fungus overwinters in fallen leaves. Spores are moved in the spring by air currents to healthy foliage where infection occurs. In most areas, symptoms are observed around midsummer and during the fall. Newly planted trees or those weakened from other causes appear to be the most severely damaged. Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page of 10 To prevent damage, water and fertilize trees properly. This includes furnishing iron to Texas red oaks thatdevelop chlorosis. Trees deficient in iron are under stress and are more susceptible to many foliage pathogens. Rake and destroy fallen leaves and use copper, maneb, zineb or benomyl-containing fungicides when needed. Diseases of Limbs and Trunks (Cankers) Endothia Canker (Fungus – Endothia gyrosa) Most oak species are susceptible. Endothia cankers usuallyare associated with pruning cuts or other wounds and appear as sunken areas on limbs, trunk and roots of trees. Bright orange pustules 1/16 to 1/8 inch in height and approximately 1/8 inch in diameter are present overthe surface of the canker. Cankers generally are elongated in shape and may extend for several inches. The fungus is most damaging on trees that are in a weakened condition. Stress induced by drought, low fertility or mechanical damage predisposes trees to damage from the fungus. Trees growing vigorouslyare generally resistant to infection. Ageneral maintenance program is important in preventing this problem. Prune when trees are dormant and the fungus is less active, reducing the chance of infection. When circumstances require pruning during the growing season, apply wound Endothia canker on red oak resulting from fungus invasion of a pruning cut. paints to freshly cut surfaces to prevent the fungus from coming in contact with exposed wood. Wound paints are not effective in inhibiting organisms that cause discoloration and decay. Remove limbs infected with Endothia. Fungicide sprays are ineffective in controlling this pathogen. Hypoxylon Canker (Fungus– Hypoxylon atropunctatum) While all oak species are susceptible, wateroaks and post oaks are among the most susceptible. Trees with Hypoxylon canker first appear chlorotic and develop thin foliage. In severe cases leaves die quickly and turn a light brown. They may cling to the tree for a short time. Soon after foliar systems develop, fungal structures may be observed on limbs and trunks. The rough, outer bark separates from the limb and trunk. On the wood where the bark sloughs,a reddish brown to olive green spore material with a dusty appearance forms. Soon thereafter a dark brown to black crusty material forms. The color of this material varies Early stage of Hypoxylon canker development on live oak. Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page of 10 with the species. On post oak the fungus is a dark brown while on the water oak the area appears as light reddish brown. This stage of the fungus lasts 6 to 12 months and then the area develops a gray appearance. Wood from trees that have died from Hypoxylon canker is lighter weight due to the rapid decaying action of the fungus. Trees die from Hypoxylon canker in a random pattern with no movement of the fungus from one tree to another through rootgrafts. Hypoxylon canker is most often associated with trees that are under environmental stress such as droughtor mechanical damage. The fungus often infects Texas red oaks and live oaks that have been infected with the oak wilt fungus. Wind and insectsare suspected of spreading the fungus spores. Good care is the most effective means of preventing the onset and development of disease. Deep watering during July, August and September is important in preventing moisture stress. Do not store wood from infected trees near healthy trees. If the fungus occurs on a scaffold limb, remove the limb to stop pathogen development. Make cuts 24 to 36 inches below the visibledamage to minimize the chance that the fungus has developed beyond the point of the cut. The effectiveness of pruning is determined by early detection of infection and pruning well in advance of the fungus. Treat cut areas with protective wound paint after pruning. Be sure to sterilize all pruning equipment before and after working on diseased trees. A dip of 1 part household bleach and 9 parts water will destroy the pathogen. Lightly oil all metal parts when completing the project to prevent damage to the equipment. Continued development of Hypoxylon canker. Final stage of Hypoxylon canker development. Heart Rot (Fungi – Several different species, including Polyporus spp., Poria spp., Hericium sp., Sterium spp.) Heartwood of any oak species may be invaded by one or more of the fungi mentioned above. These fungi are most damaging to older, mature trees that have been exposed to wounds, resulting from wind, ice, mechanical injury and insects. Heart rots may occur at the base of the treeor may extend into the trunk and larger branches. Tissue damaged by fire, construction equipment, wind and ice creates an ideal infection sitefor heart rot fungi. Following wounding, bacteria and non-decay fungi first invade and discolor the wood. Decay fungi then invade and destroy the inner portion of the tree. Injured trees may continue to be invaded by heart rot fungi. These fungi eventually form conks on the tree surface that produce spores having the ability to cause new infections on additional trees. Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page of 10 Heart rot is best controlled by preventing major wounds and using prescribed pruning techniques. If a tree is wounded, maintain it in good health so that the wound calluses rapidly. Commercial wound paints are not effective in preventing invasion of heart rot fungi. If heart rot is extensive and the tree is structurally unsound it should be removed. Filling cavities may lead to further decay if not done properly. Vascular Diseases Oak Wilt (Fungus – Ceratocystis fagacearum) All species of oaks are susceptible; however, Texas red oak and live oaks in the Hill Country and South Central areas are the most commonly affected. Post oak is rarelyaffected. The foliage of infected Texas red oaks turns pale green, then yellow and finally brown. Texasred oaks generally die within 7 to 30 days after the first disease symptom. Leaves turn brown and remain on thetree for weeks. Sucker sprouts often form on the dying trunks, but a diseased tree rarely survives more than one season. Most live oaks die within 60 days to 2 years after initial infection is observed. Some live oaks,however, survive for several years after infection. Weakened trees may be colonized by other fungi such a Hypoxylon sp. and Cephalosporium sp. A common symptom of oak wilt on live oak is flagging or browning ofleaves on individual limbs during spring months. Later in the year, leaves on infected limbs exhibit more specific patterns of chlorosis and necrosis. The most characteristic leaf symptom is dead tissue along the veins and tip of the leaf. Both symptoms can occur on the same treeand in some case on the same leaf. Defoliation occurs quickly after symptoms are observed. It is common to see complete defoliation within 30 days after infection. Symptom development is most rapid during spring and fall. The fungus spreads locally from tree to tree through rootgrafts and common root systems. The disease cycle as it occurs in Texas is shown in Figure 1. Insects spread it over long distances, depending on the formation of fungal mats beneath the bark of Texas red oaks (Spanish oaks). Thesemats form under cool, moist conditions and push bark away from the wood. The sweet odor of the fungal mat attracts insects. Spores are carried on the bodies of insects from mats to wounds and pruning cuts on healthy trees. Mat formation on Texas red oak is most active during March, April, May, June, October and November. Oak wilt mats have not been observed on species other than Texas red oak. Firewood also plays an important role in the spread of the fungus, in that it may harbor insects that emerge and transport spores. Controlof oak wilt is difficult with no one method proving effective in all cases.The oak wilt fungus usually radiates rapidly once established in an individual tree or motte of live oaks. Stopping the spread of fungus from the infection center should Vein banding of live oak leaves on oak therefore be the first objective. In stands of infected wilt infested trees. Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page of 10 Figure 1. Oak wilt disease cycle. Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page of 10 oaks, mechanically sever common root systems with a ditching machineor trencher or chemically with the soil fumigant Vapam. It is important when cutting roots that the trench bedeep enough to sever all existing roots. In some areas this may be difficult because of rock layers under the soil surface. In Figure 2, the suggested location for a trench is described in detail. Remove all trees on the disease side of the trench, including a band of symptomless trees. These trees may be infected and if left in place may serve as the source of inoculum for a new infection center. Trenching is most effective when Figure 2. Location of tranches to slow done in an area where well-defined oak wilt centers development of the oak wilt fungus from are widely separated and the soil is not underlain a centralized infection center. with rock. If Texas red oak is a major species in the tree population, trenching is less effectivebecause of the potential for mat formation and insect spread. Where the potential for oak wilt is high, remove and destroy diseased Texas red oaks. Do not store wood removedfrom oak wilt centers around healthytrees. If the wood is for firewood, cover with clear plastic to prevent the emergence of insects. It is necessary to use clear plastic so that insects are trapped and killed by the heating effect of the sunlight through the plastic. Unlike black plastic, clear plastic will not reveal exit holes to trapped insects. Immediately destroy wood not used for firewood. Prune in oak wilt areas during December, January, February and March. Pruning cuts made during fungal mat development may attract insects emerging from diseased trees. If trees are pruned during months of fungal activity, paint cuts with a wound paint to prevent insects from coming in contact with the fresh wounds. Pruning during high risk months should only be doneto repair storm or mechanical damage. Landowners should be especially cautious for 2 to 3 years following a disaster such as a tornado, hurricane, severe hail or following a period of mechanical activity around oak trees. Heavy equipment working around trees cancreate large wounds. When this occurs, insects are attracted to the site and may be carrying the wilt pathogen. Be prepared to clean an infection site as soon as it appears. Quick action reduces the number of trees eventually lost to the fungus. Currently no chemical treatment is recommended for control of the oak wilt fungus. Oak Decline (Complex involving stress factors and fungi). Although several fungi have been associated with the complex, presently Cephalosporum diospyri is the only fungus shown to produce decline symptoms in live oaks. Oak decline is a disease complex affecting trees under stress. In Texas,drought and urban stress are factors most often associated with infection.Trees having oak decline show a slow decline with a reduction in leaf size. The first noticeable symptom is failure of the tree to make normal top growth. Small twigs die and there is an overall thinning of the canopy. Twig dieback continues withlarger and larger limbs being killed. Eventually the only limbs alive are main scaffold limbs covered with small tufts of growth. This process may take several years depending upon environmental conditions. Continued stress hastens tree death. Trees that are kept in good health are not as susceptible to the complex. Based on past history, damage from oak decline can be expected during periods of extended drought. Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page of 10 Oak decline can be prevented on live oak with a program utilizing both cultural and chemical practices. Positive identification is made with the aid of laboratory procedures. Once a tree has been diagnosed as having oak decline, follow a complete maintenance program involving fertilizer application, deep watering during summer months, pruning and removal of dead or weak limbs. Treat trees in early stages of decline; destroy those that have no chance of recovery. Treat valuable trees with the systemic fungicide, Arbotect, sometime between June and October. Repeat treatment the following summer. Arbotect is effective in reducing symptoms of oak decline. It is administered by injection under pressure into the base of the tree. While specialized equipment is required, it is relatively inexpensive and easy to use. Arbotect is injected into the tree as close to the soil line as possible. For further information see product label. Miscellaneous Problems Mistletoe (Parasitic plant – Phoradendron sp.) Mistletoe is a parasitic plant that feeds in the vascular system of the host tree through specialized structures called haustoria. The visible portion of mistletoe is a leafy, evergreen plant that grows in bunches on limbs of thehost tree. Leaves are thick and waxy and female plants produce white berries. Birds spread seed to other trees where new plants form. The only control for mistletoe is to surgically remove the mistletoe plantand its attachment point. On small limbs make cuts 10 to 12 inches below the point of attachment. On larger limbs remove a suitable sized wood chip at the point of attachment. Chemical treatments have not proven effective. Ball Moss (Epiphytic plant – Tillandsia recuruata) Ball moss is a plant that grows on many shade trees and causes limbs to die. While it does not derive nourishment from living portions of the tree, it smothers developing buds by forming a dense, shading growth on limbs. Control ballmoss with foliar applications of fungicides such as Kocide 101. Apply just before an anticipated rainfall. Onseverely infested trees, a second application may be required in 12 months. When using Kocide avoid drift to nearby sensitive plants and buildings. Misletoe on pin oak tree. Ball moss development on post oak limbs. Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page of 10 Table 1. Summary of three major diseases of oak trees in Texas. Leaf Symptoms Control Measures Spreads through rootgrafts Principal trees affected Trees affected Characteristic symptoms Rate of death Shedding Chemical Isolation Oak wilt Texas red oak and live oak Chlorosis and necrosis along with marginal necrosis on some leaves Yes Rapid (Texas red oak 7-30 days; Live oak 30-60 days) Slow (2-8 years) Yes Healthy Yes No No Oak decline All oaks Reduced leaf size and twig die-back in crown of tree Leaves turn brown overall No Unknown Stressed Yes Yes Yes Hypoxylon Post oak, Texas red oak and water oak Retained for a short time Trees apNo pear thin and yellow for several weeks. In final stage which lasts 1-2 weeks trees go from yellow to brown. Stressed No No Yes Cultural Disease Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page 10 of 10 Lichens (Combined fungal and algal growth) Lichens assume several different shapes and colors. They may lie flat on the surface or developlong stringy growths. They vary from gray to a dirty orange in color. It is not uncommon to find several different types on the same limb. Lichens may be indicators of poor growth. They require sunlight to develop and as long as the tree canopy is thick their growth is impeded by shading. Most foliar fungicides will limit their development when or if control is desired. Lichens on small post oak limbs. This publication contains recommendations regarding agricultural chemicals. Changes in pesticide and herbicide regulations occur frequently. Some materials mentioned may no longer be available, and some uses may no longer be legal. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by the Harris County office of Texas Cooperative Extension nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. All pesticides distributed,sold, and/or applied in Texas must beregistered with the Texas Department of Agriculture. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Besure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical

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During periods of severe infection premature defoliation may occur. Anthracnose rarely kills, but trees severely defoliated annually becomeweakened. The fungus overwinters in infected leaves. In the spring airborne fungal spores are produced that infect developing leaves. Soon after infection, leaves become necrotic and secondary spore production occurs. This cycle may continue as long as weather conditions favor fungal development. Damage from this disease is most severe when light rain or dew occurs during budbreak and leaf expansion. Sanitation is necessary in controlling anthracnose since the pathogen survives from year to year in fallen leaves. Rake leaves when they fall rather than waiting for full leaf drop. Destroy leaves from diseased trees or place in a compost pile to undergo heating to kill the fungus. A protective fungicide may be required if damagepersists. Apply necessary sprays in the spring during leaf emergence and repeat in 7 to 14 days as needed.Oak Leaf Blister (Fungus – Taphrina caerulescens) Water oak, post oak, red oak and live oak are most often infected with the oak leaf blister fungus. Of these, water oak is the most susceptible. A leaf infected with the fungus will have a distinct bulge on its upper surface. The surface opposite the bulge has a light green-to-olive, velvety fungal growth. With age this growth becomes dark brown-to-black in color. The raised area on the leaf is first light green but turns brown withage. The remainder of the leaf retains a green color. Little defoliation occurs unless infection is extensive. HC-GFS-06-002 Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page of 10 The fungus overwinters on bud scales. In the spring as buds begin to open, overwintering fungal spores germinate during favorable weather and infect developing leaves. Mild temperatures and light rain or dew during bud opening are necessary forinfection to occur. Chemical control ofoak leaf blister is not often suggested except for very susceptible and valuable trees growing in humid areas. Treat trees that have a history of severe damagefrom oak leaf blister with a copper-containing fungicide in the spring just before bud opening. Fungicides applied after infection occurs are not effective. Oak leaves infected with the oak leaf Powdery Mildew (Fungus – Phyllactinia corylea and others) blister fungus. All species of oaks are susceptible, but some are more prone to extensive damage than others. Powdery mildew on live oaks is first visible as faint yellow spots on the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves during the latter part of summer. Spots are normally round and approximately to inch in diameter. Premature defoliation occurs with severe infection. Usually, however, leaves are retained until normal leaf shed. In the case of otheroaks, powdery mildew may cover theentire leaf surface giving the Powdery mildew on live oak leaves. appearance of a fine white to gray powder. The fungus overwinters on infected leaves in a spore stage which is resistant to adverse weather conditions. In the spring andsummer fungal spores are carried by air currents to infect leaves of healthy trees. Fungal structures develop only in and on the outer layer of leaf cells. Sanitation is important in controlling powdery mildew since initial inoculum comes from leaves infected the previous year. Rake and discard fallen leaves in a compost pile where they can undergo complete decay. Applying a benomyl-containing fungicide keeps high-value trees free of the fungus. Use a wetting agent with the fungicide to improve coverage of the waxy leaf surface. Actinopelte Leafspot (Fungus – Actinopelte dryina) All species of oaks are susceptible, but young red oak trees are the most severely damaged. Small, distinct reddish brown spots form on diseased leaves. The fungus is a primary pathogen but is most often found on leaves infected with other pathogens. It may cause large brown spots on the leaf margin. Premature defoliation occurs when infection is severe. The fungus overwinters in fallen leaves. Spores are moved in the spring by air currents to healthy foliage where infection occurs. In most areas, symptoms are observed around midsummer and during the fall. Newly planted trees or those weakened from other causes appear to be the most severely damaged. Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page of 10 To prevent damage, water and fertilize trees properly. This includes furnishing iron to Texas red oaks thatdevelop chlorosis. Trees deficient in iron are under stress and are more susceptible to many foliage pathogens. Rake and destroy fallen leaves and use copper, maneb, zineb or benomyl-containing fungicides when needed. Diseases of Limbs and Trunks (Cankers) Endothia Canker (Fungus – Endothia gyrosa) Most oak species are susceptible. Endothia cankers usuallyare associated with pruning cuts or other wounds and appear as sunken areas on limbs, trunk and roots of trees. Bright orange pustules 1/16 to 1/8 inch in height and approximately 1/8 inch in diameter are present overthe surface of the canker. Cankers generally are elongated in shape and may extend for several inches. The fungus is most damaging on trees that are in a weakened condition. Stress induced by drought, low fertility or mechanical damage predisposes trees to damage from the fungus. Trees growing vigorouslyare generally resistant to infection. Ageneral maintenance program is important in preventing this problem. Prune when trees are dormant and the fungus is less active, reducing the chance of infection. When circumstances require pruning during the growing season, apply wound Endothia canker on red oak resulting from fungus invasion of a pruning cut. paints to freshly cut surfaces to prevent the fungus from coming in contact with exposed wood. Wound paints are not effective in inhibiting organisms that cause discoloration and decay. Remove limbs infected with Endothia. Fungicide sprays are ineffective in controlling this pathogen. Hypoxylon Canker (Fungus– Hypoxylon atropunctatum) While all oak species are susceptible, wateroaks and post oaks are among the most susceptible. Trees with Hypoxylon canker first appear chlorotic and develop thin foliage. In severe cases leaves die quickly and turn a light brown. They may cling to the tree for a short time. Soon after foliar systems develop, fungal structures may be observed on limbs and trunks. The rough, outer bark separates from the limb and trunk. On the wood where the bark sloughs,a reddish brown to olive green spore material with a dusty appearance forms. Soon thereafter a dark brown to black crusty material forms. The color of this material varies Early stage of Hypoxylon canker development on live oak. Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page of 10 with the species. On post oak the fungus is a dark brown while on the water oak the area appears as light reddish brown. This stage of the fungus lasts 6 to 12 months and then the area develops a gray appearance. Wood from trees that have died from Hypoxylon canker is lighter weight due to the rapid decaying action of the fungus. Trees die from Hypoxylon canker in a random pattern with no movement of the fungus from one tree to another through rootgrafts. Hypoxylon canker is most often associated with trees that are under environmental stress such as droughtor mechanical damage. The fungus often infects Texas red oaks and live oaks that have been infected with the oak wilt fungus. Wind and insectsare suspected of spreading the fungus spores. Good care is the most effective means of preventing the onset and development of disease. Deep watering during July, August and September is important in preventing moisture stress. Do not store wood from infected trees near healthy trees. If the fungus occurs on a scaffold limb, remove the limb to stop pathogen development. Make cuts 24 to 36 inches below the visibledamage to minimize the chance that the fungus has developed beyond the point of the cut. The effectiveness of pruning is determined by early detection of infection and pruning well in advance of the fungus. Treat cut areas with protective wound paint after pruning. Be sure to sterilize all pruning equipment before and after working on diseased trees. A dip of 1 part household bleach and 9 parts water will destroy the pathogen. Lightly oil all metal parts when completing the project to prevent damage to the equipment. Continued development of Hypoxylon canker. Final stage of Hypoxylon canker development. Heart Rot (Fungi – Several different species, including Polyporus spp., Poria spp., Hericium sp., Sterium spp.) Heartwood of any oak species may be invaded by one or more of the fungi mentioned above. These fungi are most damaging to older, mature trees that have been exposed to wounds, resulting from wind, ice, mechanical injury and insects. Heart rots may occur at the base of the treeor may extend into the trunk and larger branches. Tissue damaged by fire, construction equipment, wind and ice creates an ideal infection sitefor heart rot fungi. Following wounding, bacteria and non-decay fungi first invade and discolor the wood. Decay fungi then invade and destroy the inner portion of the tree. Injured trees may continue to be invaded by heart rot fungi. These fungi eventually form conks on the tree surface that produce spores having the ability to cause new infections on additional trees. Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page of 10 Heart rot is best controlled by preventing major wounds and using prescribed pruning techniques. If a tree is wounded, maintain it in good health so that the wound calluses rapidly. Commercial wound paints are not effective in preventing invasion of heart rot fungi. If heart rot is extensive and the tree is structurally unsound it should be removed. Filling cavities may lead to further decay if not done properly. Vascular Diseases Oak Wilt (Fungus – Ceratocystis fagacearum) All species of oaks are susceptible; however, Texas red oak and live oaks in the Hill Country and South Central areas are the most commonly affected. Post oak is rarelyaffected. The foliage of infected Texas red oaks turns pale green, then yellow and finally brown. Texasred oaks generally die within 7 to 30 days after the first disease symptom. Leaves turn brown and remain on thetree for weeks. Sucker sprouts often form on the dying trunks, but a diseased tree rarely survives more than one season. Most live oaks die within 60 days to 2 years after initial infection is observed. Some live oaks,however, survive for several years after infection. Weakened trees may be colonized by other fungi such a Hypoxylon sp. and Cephalosporium sp. A common symptom of oak wilt on live oak is flagging or browning ofleaves on individual limbs during spring months. Later in the year, leaves on infected limbs exhibit more specific patterns of chlorosis and necrosis. The most characteristic leaf symptom is dead tissue along the veins and tip of the leaf. Both symptoms can occur on the same treeand in some case on the same leaf. Defoliation occurs quickly after symptoms are observed. It is common to see complete defoliation within 30 days after infection. Symptom development is most rapid during spring and fall. The fungus spreads locally from tree to tree through rootgrafts and common root systems. The disease cycle as it occurs in Texas is shown in Figure 1. Insects spread it over long distances, depending on the formation of fungal mats beneath the bark of Texas red oaks (Spanish oaks). Thesemats form under cool, moist conditions and push bark away from the wood. The sweet odor of the fungal mat attracts insects. Spores are carried on the bodies of insects from mats to wounds and pruning cuts on healthy trees. Mat formation on Texas red oak is most active during March, April, May, June, October and November. Oak wilt mats have not been observed on species other than Texas red oak. Firewood also plays an important role in the spread of the fungus, in that it may harbor insects that emerge and transport spores. Controlof oak wilt is difficult with no one method proving effective in all cases.The oak wilt fungus usually radiates rapidly once established in an individual tree or motte of live oaks. Stopping the spread of fungus from the infection center should Vein banding of live oak leaves on oak therefore be the first objective. In stands of infected wilt infested trees. Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page of 10 Figure 1. Oak wilt disease cycle. Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page of 10 oaks, mechanically sever common root systems with a ditching machineor trencher or chemically with the soil fumigant Vapam. It is important when cutting roots that the trench bedeep enough to sever all existing roots. In some areas this may be difficult because of rock layers under the soil surface. In Figure 2, the suggested location for a trench is described in detail. Remove all trees on the disease side of the trench, including a band of symptomless trees. These trees may be infected and if left in place may serve as the source of inoculum for a new infection center. Trenching is most effective when Figure 2. Location of tranches to slow done in an area where well-defined oak wilt centers development of the oak wilt fungus from are widely separated and the soil is not underlain a centralized infection center. with rock. If Texas red oak is a major species in the tree population, trenching is less effectivebecause of the potential for mat formation and insect spread. Where the potential for oak wilt is high, remove and destroy diseased Texas red oaks. Do not store wood removedfrom oak wilt centers around healthytrees. If the wood is for firewood, cover with clear plastic to prevent the emergence of insects. It is necessary to use clear plastic so that insects are trapped and killed by the heating effect of the sunlight through the plastic. Unlike black plastic, clear plastic will not reveal exit holes to trapped insects. Immediately destroy wood not used for firewood. Prune in oak wilt areas during December, January, February and March. Pruning cuts made during fungal mat development may attract insects emerging from diseased trees. If trees are pruned during months of fungal activity, paint cuts with a wound paint to prevent insects from coming in contact with the fresh wounds. Pruning during high risk months should only be doneto repair storm or mechanical damage. Landowners should be especially cautious for 2 to 3 years following a disaster such as a tornado, hurricane, severe hail or following a period of mechanical activity around oak trees. Heavy equipment working around trees cancreate large wounds. When this occurs, insects are attracted to the site and may be carrying the wilt pathogen. Be prepared to clean an infection site as soon as it appears. Quick action reduces the number of trees eventually lost to the fungus. Currently no chemical treatment is recommended for control of the oak wilt fungus. Oak Decline (Complex involving stress factors and fungi). Although several fungi have been associated with the complex, presently Cephalosporum diospyri is the only fungus shown to produce decline symptoms in live oaks. Oak decline is a disease complex affecting trees under stress. In Texas,drought and urban stress are factors most often associated with infection.Trees having oak decline show a slow decline with a reduction in leaf size. The first noticeable symptom is failure of the tree to make normal top growth. Small twigs die and there is an overall thinning of the canopy. Twig dieback continues withlarger and larger limbs being killed. Eventually the only limbs alive are main scaffold limbs covered with small tufts of growth. This process may take several years depending upon environmental conditions. Continued stress hastens tree death. Trees that are kept in good health are not as susceptible to the complex. Based on past history, damage from oak decline can be expected during periods of extended drought. Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page of 10 Oak decline can be prevented on live oak with a program utilizing both cultural and chemical practices. Positive identification is made with the aid of laboratory procedures. Once a tree has been diagnosed as having oak decline, follow a complete maintenance program involving fertilizer application, deep watering during summer months, pruning and removal of dead or weak limbs. Treat trees in early stages of decline; destroy those that have no chance of recovery. Treat valuable trees with the systemic fungicide, Arbotect, sometime between June and October. Repeat treatment the following summer. Arbotect is effective in reducing symptoms of oak decline. It is administered by injection under pressure into the base of the tree. While specialized equipment is required, it is relatively inexpensive and easy to use. Arbotect is injected into the tree as close to the soil line as possible. For further information see product label. Miscellaneous Problems Mistletoe (Parasitic plant – Phoradendron sp.) Mistletoe is a parasitic plant that feeds in the vascular system of the host tree through specialized structures called haustoria. The visible portion of mistletoe is a leafy, evergreen plant that grows in bunches on limbs of thehost tree. Leaves are thick and waxy and female plants produce white berries. Birds spread seed to other trees where new plants form. The only control for mistletoe is to surgically remove the mistletoe plantand its attachment point. On small limbs make cuts 10 to 12 inches below the point of attachment. On larger limbs remove a suitable sized wood chip at the point of attachment. Chemical treatments have not proven effective. Ball Moss (Epiphytic plant – Tillandsia recuruata) Ball moss is a plant that grows on many shade trees and causes limbs to die. While it does not derive nourishment from living portions of the tree, it smothers developing buds by forming a dense, shading growth on limbs. Control ballmoss with foliar applications of fungicides such as Kocide 101. Apply just before an anticipated rainfall. Onseverely infested trees, a second application may be required in 12 months. When using Kocide avoid drift to nearby sensitive plants and buildings. Misletoe on pin oak tree. Ball moss development on post oak limbs. Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page of 10 Table 1. Summary of three major diseases of oak trees in Texas. Leaf Symptoms Control Measures Spreads through rootgrafts Principal trees affected Trees affected Characteristic symptoms Rate of death Shedding Chemical Isolation Oak wilt Texas red oak and live oak Chlorosis and necrosis along with marginal necrosis on some leaves Yes Rapid (Texas red oak 7-30 days; Live oak 30-60 days) Slow (2-8 years) Yes Healthy Yes No No Oak decline All oaks Reduced leaf size and twig die-back in crown of tree Leaves turn brown overall No Unknown Stressed Yes Yes Yes Hypoxylon Post oak, Texas red oak and water oak Retained for a short time Trees apNo pear thin and yellow for several weeks. In final stage which lasts 1-2 weeks trees go from yellow to brown. Stressed No No Yes Cultural Disease Major Oak Diseases and their Control Page 10 of 10 Lichens (Combined fungal and algal growth) Lichens assume several different shapes and colors. They may lie flat on the surface or developlong stringy growths. They vary from gray to a dirty orange in color. It is not uncommon to find several different types on the same limb. Lichens may be indicators of poor growth. They require sunlight to develop and as long as the tree canopy is thick their growth is impeded by shading. Most foliar fungicides will limit their development when or if control is desired. Lichens on small post oak limbs. This publication contains recommendations regarding agricultural chemicals. Changes in pesticide and herbicide regulations occur frequently. Some materials mentioned may no longer be available, and some uses may no longer be legal. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in this publication does not imply endorsement by the Harris County office of Texas Cooperative Extension nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. All pesticides distributed,sold, and/or applied in Texas must beregistered with the Texas Department of Agriculture. Individuals who use agricultural chemicals are responsible for ensuring that the intended use complies with current regulations and conforms to the product label. Besure to obtain current information about usage regulations and examine a current product label before applying any chemical

Buuga diiwaanka xikmadaha iyo qarjajacda

Wax la yidhi hubsiimada, qof jiraa hal siistee, hadalada macaaniyo, 'haye'aan la fulinayn, hagrashaan ka jeceloo, af-gobaadsi ima hodo. qaar kaa horreeyaa, ku habaabay kibirkay, bidayeen hagaagee, bal maxaad haweenkiyo, horta dheertay qayrkaa. ruux kugu farxaayaa, dadka loogu faanaa, waxa laga fogaadaa, qofka aad la fududahay, hadduu fooq qof kaa koro, buur ka sii fig dheeriyo, surad baa la fuulaa. markaad xidhan tahay xijaabka, waxaad tahay xuural-cayn yar, markaad runta xeerinayso, xor baad tahay garasho fiican, xishood rabi baa ku siiyey, han baad leedahay xil qaada, ninkii ku xushaa nasiib leh xaas kaad u dhaqdaa badhaadhay, qof loo xiiqoo la haybsho, xaqiiq waad tahay inaabti. ragga kani ammaantiyo, sheegashada awoodaha, aanu siin ilaahay, ergisada ku doontee, amaanaysta sharaftoow, aadmiga dhegtoodiyo, indhahooda lama siro mar haddii dhabada tii saxdii geesta laga dhaafo, inay noloshu dhaban yeelataa waa iska dhalanteed. Abwaan HADRAAWI tixdiisii INA SULDAAN waxa ka mid ahaa: beer oodanoon, irrid furan lahayn, haddii ubax jacayl, ulo sare ku yaal, naf ogoli toloow, illinkay martaa, hadday weli alliyo, uurku baalle tahay, hadday aawadeed, adhaxdiyo wadnaha, waxa iin ku taal, ka il sugan lahayd, ilmo lagu samraa, indhaheed toloow, ma ka iman lahayd, ul madheedha oon, hor ilaahay iyo, abaal la isku siin, orod lagu helayn, awood lagu hantiyin, ayaan iyo nasiib, ma ka adag yihiin. abwaankii weynaa ee GAARRIYE (Allaha u naxariistee ) wuxu yidhi: ''nin ku yidhi i daw mari, duudsiguu tirsanayoo, laga daayo mooyee, wixii kaleba doogiyo, dacar bay ku kiciyaan'' Wejgii alliyo Weynaha dartii Ruuxaad wanweyn Hilbihiisa wadhan Ugu waabtay baa Kugu wiirsadoo Ku waraabsha ciil. dabin iyo dalluun iyo, dambi iyo dan-seegbuu rabbi igaga duwayoo, ducadiyo kumaan qadin, digrigiyo qur'aankii toloow yaa la sabayaa? sal-fudaydku hodayaa? af-gobaadsi solayaa? suuxdin yaad ku mudaysaa? sacab yaad u tumaysaa? ama saarku ridayaa? sawir yaad la gelaysaa? toloow yaa la sirayaa? surka yaa la jarayaa? sahal yaa la dabayaa? ama qool la sudhayaa? sifir yaa la dirayaa? jacayl aan sax noqonayn sibiq yuu ku galayaa?

Buuga diiwaanka xikmadaha iyo qarjajacda

Wax la yidhi hubsiimada, qof jiraa hal siistee, hadalada macaaniyo, 'haye'aan la fulinayn, hagrashaan ka jeceloo, af-gobaadsi ima hodo. qaar kaa horreeyaa, ku habaabay kibirkay, bidayeen hagaagee, bal maxaad haweenkiyo, horta dheertay qayrkaa. ruux kugu farxaayaa, dadka loogu faanaa, waxa laga fogaadaa, qofka aad la fududahay, hadduu fooq qof kaa koro, buur ka sii fig dheeriyo, surad baa la fuulaa. markaad xidhan tahay xijaabka, waxaad tahay xuural-cayn yar, markaad runta xeerinayso, xor baad tahay garasho fiican, xishood rabi baa ku siiyey, han baad leedahay xil qaada, ninkii ku xushaa nasiib leh xaas kaad u dhaqdaa badhaadhay, qof loo xiiqoo la haybsho, xaqiiq waad tahay inaabti. ragga kani ammaantiyo, sheegashada awoodaha, aanu siin ilaahay, ergisada ku doontee, amaanaysta sharaftoow, aadmiga dhegtoodiyo, indhahooda lama siro mar haddii dhabada tii saxdii geesta laga dhaafo, inay noloshu dhaban yeelataa waa iska dhalanteed. Abwaan HADRAAWI tixdiisii INA SULDAAN waxa ka mid ahaa: beer oodanoon, irrid furan lahayn, haddii ubax jacayl, ulo sare ku yaal, naf ogoli toloow, illinkay martaa, hadday weli alliyo, uurku baalle tahay, hadday aawadeed, adhaxdiyo wadnaha, waxa iin ku taal, ka il sugan lahayd, ilmo lagu samraa, indhaheed toloow, ma ka iman lahayd, ul madheedha oon, hor ilaahay iyo, abaal la isku siin, orod lagu helayn, awood lagu hantiyin, ayaan iyo nasiib, ma ka adag yihiin. abwaankii weynaa ee GAARRIYE (Allaha u naxariistee ) wuxu yidhi: ''nin ku yidhi i daw mari, duudsiguu tirsanayoo, laga daayo mooyee, wixii kaleba doogiyo, dacar bay ku kiciyaan'' Wejgii alliyo Weynaha dartii Ruuxaad wanweyn Hilbihiisa wadhan Ugu waabtay baa Kugu wiirsadoo Ku waraabsha ciil. dabin iyo dalluun iyo, dambi iyo dan-seegbuu rabbi igaga duwayoo, ducadiyo kumaan qadin, digrigiyo qur'aankii toloow yaa la sabayaa? sal-fudaydku hodayaa? af-gobaadsi solayaa? suuxdin yaad ku mudaysaa? sacab yaad u tumaysaa? ama saarku ridayaa? sawir yaad la gelaysaa? toloow yaa la sirayaa? surka yaa la jarayaa? sahal yaa la dabayaa? ama qool la sudhayaa? sifir yaa la dirayaa? jacayl aan sax noqonayn sibiq yuu ku galayaa?

Buuga diiwaanka xikmadaha iyo qarjajacda

1.galool caato weydiyo laftii gurantay aan buuxin gabashada dabaylaha miday gegi banaan dhaanto NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 2.sidii dhiil gadhoodh lagu shubtiyo weel gunta u dhuuban gaafulo cigcigan oo sidii ciyawga goohaysa NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 3.gadaal iyo midaan badhi lahayn gaadadana buuran garabkuna xamaaliyo sidii goodir muruq yeeshay NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 4.sida geriga dhererkoo gingiman golis hadaad fuusho geel raacsan maayiyo ileen gaade weerara he NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 5.sidii gaban caruuriyo midaad gabadh yar moodeyso oo guuna murankana sidii oday u guuxaysa NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 6.gaasira codweyn aan wanaag gelinba laabteeda oo gadata sheekada hadaad gooni ugu sheegto NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 7.fays buug mid gogol dhigatayoon guugalkaba dhaafin baaltoogna soo geleleftoo gaagna reebaynin NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 8.gal dhalaala uurkoo gubtiyo gibil hillaacaysa gudcurkiyo cadadu waa walaal waana kala gaare NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 9.gobonimada dumar waa inaad adigu gooshtaaye gabaatigiyo yaradkii haday geyso waa halise NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 10.mid adduunyo lagu gaadhayo giniga raadcaysa gurboodkiyo ninkeediyo u daran weliba guudkeeda NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 11.midaan gawda hadal joojino kuu guryami leylka goonyaha midaan eegino maqalka gaagaabsan NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 12.galabtiyo dharaartii miduun dheriku gawdiida oo gurata keligeed dadkoo gaajo wada hayso NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 13.gabaldaye sidiisii midii gelinba meel aada gacalkiyo xigaaladu midaanay guriga soo booqan NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 14. garashiyo xishoodbaa ilaah wada gudoonsiiyey miisaanka aan lagu gembiyin gaabashana yeelan midab aan gaduudna u badnayn madowna guudfuulin garaaryihiyo laafyaha xubnaha laysku wada gooyey gaarrinimo kartiyi weheliso gudata hawsheeda MARWADAAS NINKII GUURSADOW GUUL KA FILO QOYSKA.

Buuga diiwaanka xikmadaha iyo qarjajacda

1.galool caato weydiyo laftii gurantay aan buuxin gabashada dabaylaha miday gegi banaan dhaanto NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 2.sidii dhiil gadhoodh lagu shubtiyo weel gunta u dhuuban gaafulo cigcigan oo sidii ciyawga goohaysa NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 3.gadaal iyo midaan badhi lahayn gaadadana buuran garabkuna xamaaliyo sidii goodir muruq yeeshay NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 4.sida geriga dhererkoo gingiman golis hadaad fuusho geel raacsan maayiyo ileen gaade weerara he NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 5.sidii gaban caruuriyo midaad gabadh yar moodeyso oo guuna murankana sidii oday u guuxaysa NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 6.gaasira codweyn aan wanaag gelinba laabteeda oo gadata sheekada hadaad gooni ugu sheegto NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 7.fays buug mid gogol dhigatayoon guugalkaba dhaafin baaltoogna soo geleleftoo gaagna reebaynin NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 8.gal dhalaala uurkoo gubtiyo gibil hillaacaysa gudcurkiyo cadadu waa walaal waana kala gaare NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 9.gobonimada dumar waa inaad adigu gooshtaaye gabaatigiyo yaradkii haday geyso waa halise NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 10.mid adduunyo lagu gaadhayo giniga raadcaysa gurboodkiyo ninkeediyo u daran weliba guudkeeda NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 11.midaan gawda hadal joojino kuu guryami leylka goonyaha midaan eegino maqalka gaagaabsan NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 12.galabtiyo dharaartii miduun dheriku gawdiida oo gurata keligeed dadkoo gaajo wada hayso NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 13.gabaldaye sidiisii midii gelinba meel aada gacalkiyo xigaaladu midaanay guriga soo booqan NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 14. garashiyo xishoodbaa ilaah wada gudoonsiiyey miisaanka aan lagu gembiyin gaabashana yeelan midab aan gaduudna u badnayn madowna guudfuulin garaaryihiyo laafyaha xubnaha laysku wada gooyey gaarrinimo kartiyi weheliso gudata hawsheeda MARWADAAS NINKII GUURSADOW GUUL KA FILO QOYSKA.

Buuga diiwaanka xikmadaha iyo qarjajacda

Naftaa igu kaa qasbeysee, uma qalantid Caashaqa. Waxaan nahay waadiga dugsiyada; waxaan nahay waanada macalinka, Waagii baryabaa Ubax laga waraabshoo, Waxaan ku wer weraynaa Wadankiina wax u barta, Oo xanbaara waajibkiisa, Wahsan mayno Waaban mayno, War wareegi mayno, Weec weecan mayno. Wadankeenu waa, Wadnihii jidhkeenna Waraabinaayay dhiigoo Waan ku wardiyaynaa. 'kala baadnay baadnoo, kala beelo noqonee, barinaye ma barideen'

Buuga diiwaanka xikmadaha iyo qarjajacda

1.galool caato weydiyo laftii gurantay aan buuxin gabashada dabaylaha miday gegi banaan dhaanto NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 2.sidii dhiil gadhoodh lagu shubtiyo weel gunta u dhuuban gaafulo cigcigan oo sidii ciyawga goohaysa NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 3.gadaal iyo midaan badhi lahayn gaadadana buuran garabkuna xamaaliyo sidii goodir muruq yeeshay NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 4.sida geriga dhererkoo gingiman golis hadaad fuusho geel raacsan maayiyo ileen gaade weerara he NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 5.sidii gaban caruuriyo midaad gabadh yar moodeyso oo guuna murankana sidii oday u guuxaysa NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 6.gaasira codweyn aan wanaag gelinba laabteeda oo gadata sheekada hadaad gooni ugu sheegto NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 7.fays buug mid gogol dhigatayoon guugalkaba dhaafin baaltoogna soo geleleftoo gaagna reebaynin NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 8.gal dhalaala uurkoo gubtiyo gibil hillaacaysa gudcurkiyo cadadu waa walaal waana kala gaare NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 9.gobonimada dumar waa inaad adigu gooshtaaye gabaatigiyo yaradkii haday geyso waa halise NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 10.mid adduunyo lagu gaadhayo giniga raadcaysa gurboodkiyo ninkeediyo u daran weliba guudkeeda NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 11.midaan gawda hadal joojino kuu guryami leylka goonyaha midaan eegino maqalka gaagaabsan NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 12.galabtiyo dharaartii miduun dheriku gawdiida oo gurata keligeed dadkoo gaajo wada hayso NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 13.gabaldaye sidiisii midii gelinba meel aada gacalkiyo xigaaladu midaanay guriga soo booqan NINKII GUURSADOW YAAN HADHOW GOCOSHO KAA YEEDHIN 14. garashiyo xishoodbaa ilaah wada gudoonsiiyey miisaanka aan lagu gembiyin gaabashana yeelan midab aan gaduudna u badnayn madowna guudfuulin garaaryihiyo laafyaha xubnaha laysku wada gooyey gaarrinimo kartiyi weheliso gudata hawsheeda MARWADAAS NINKII GUURSADOW GUUL KA FILO QOYSKA.

Mad mullah

In 1899, some soldiers of the British armed forces met Hassan and sold him an official gun. When questioned about the loss of the gun, they told their superiors that Hassan had stolen the gun from them. On 29 March 1899, the British Vice Consul wrote a very stern and insulting letter to him accusing his camp of stealing the gun and asking him to return it immediately. Thisenraged Hassan and he sent a very brief and curt reply refuting the allegation. Hassan's attentionhad been focused on the Ethiopian invaders of Somalia, but this incident brought him into conflict with the British as well. The British, Ethiopian Emperor Menelek II, and a small numbers of Somalis then joined together to crush Hassan's Dervish movement. ↑Jump back a section Origins of armed struggle Main article: Dervish State In several of his poems and speeches, Hassan said that the British infidels "have destroyed our religion and made our children their children" and that the Christian Ethiopians in league with the British were bent upon plundering the political and religious freedom of the Somali nation. He soon emerged as "a champion of his country's political and religious freedom, defending it against all Christian invaders." He issued a religious ordinance that any Somali national who did not accept the goal of unity of Somalia and would not fight under his leadership would be considered as kafir or gaal. He acquired weapons from the Ottoman Empire, Sudan, and other Islamic countries. He appointed his ministers and advisers in charge of different areas or sectors of Somalia and gave a clarion call forSomali unity and independence. At this time Hassan organized his warriors. His Dervish movement had an essentially military character, and the Dervish State was fashioned on the model of a Saalihiya brotherhood. It had a rigid hierarchy and robust centralization. Hassan threatened to drive the Christians into the sea, and he committed the first attack by launching a major military offensive with his 1,500 Dervishes, equipped with 20 modern rifles, on the British soldiers stationed in the region. Hassan sent one of his men to Yemen in disguise for reconnaissance activities to report on the new airplanes' [ citation needed ] preparedness for attack. He sent his emissaries all over the country appealing for Somali people to join his movement and many responded to him enthusiastically. ↑Jump back a section Ethiopia, Britain and Italy Somali Dervish soldiers engage their British counterparts at sea. In 1900, an Ethiopian expedition sent to arrest or kill Hassan looted a large number of camels of the Mohammed Subeer Ogadensub-clan. In answer to his appeal,Hassan attacked the Ethiopian garrison at Jijiga on 4 March of that year and successfully recovered all the looted animals. This success emboldened Hassan and enhanced his reputation. In June, three months later, Hassan raided the British-protected northern Somali clans of Eidagale and Isaaq and confiscated about 2,000 camels. He gained great prestige in recovering the looted stock from the Ethiopians and he used it along with his charisma and powers of oratory to improve his undisputed authority among the Ogaden. To harness Ogaden enthusiasm into final commitment, Hassan married thedaughter of a prominent Ogaden chieftain and in return gave his own sister, Toohyar Sheikh Adbile, to Abdi Mohammed Waale, a notable Mohammed Subeer elder. However, soon angered by his autocratic rule, Hussen Hirsi Dala Iljech' - a Mohammed Subeer chieftain - plotted to kill him. Thenews of the plot leaked to Hassan. He escaped but his prime minister and maternal uncle, Aw 'Abbas, was killed. Some weeks later, Mohammed Subeer sent a peace delegation of 32 men to Hassan, but he had all the members of the delegation arrested and killed. Shocked by this, Mohammed Subeer sought the help of the Ethiopians and the Dervish withdrew to Nugaal . Hassan (by now better known by his honorific title of " Sayyid ") patched up with the Dulbahante temporarily by paying huge bloodmonies . This frightened the British-protected North Somali pastoralists. Towards the end of 1900, Ethiopian Emperor Menelik proposed a joint action with the British against the Dervish. Accordingly, British Lt. Col. E. J. Swayne assembled a force of 1,500 Somali soldiers led by 21 European officers and started from Burco on 22 May 1901, while an Ethiopian army of 15,000 soldiers started from Harar to join the British forces intent on crushing the 20,000 Dervish fighters (of whom 40 percent were cavalry ). During 1901 and 1904, the Dervisharmy inflicted heavy losses on their enemies - the Ethiopians, the British, and the Italian forces."His successes attracted to his banner even Somalis who did notfollow his religious beliefs." On 9 January 1904, at the Jidaale (Jidballi) plain, the British Commander, General Charles Egerton , killed 7,000 Dervish. Thisdefeat forced Sayyid and his remaining men to flee to Majeerteen country. Around 1910, in a secret meeting under a big tree later nicknamed"Anjeel tale waa" ("The Tree of Bad Counsel"), about 600 Dervish followers decided to stop following Sayyid due to his perceived high-handedness. Theirdeparture weakened, demoralized and angered Sayyid, and it was at this juncture that he composed his most famous poem entitled The Tree of Bad Counsel . ↑Jump back a section Push to the south During his campaign to gather fighting men in southern Somalia, Sayyid Mohamed received enormous support from the Marehan population, securingforces from the hinterland in northern Somalia to the length ofthe entire Jubba region in southern Somalia, from Serinley near Bardera to the coast. Sayyid Mohamed Abdulle Hassan'sown Ogaden clansmen weren't entirely on his side when the Marehan saw the importance of siding with the nationalist leader in ridding themselves of the colonial powers. From Serinley onwards to Dolow, the second arm of the Marehan wasn't happywith giving the British a second front for confrontation. The peaceful communities between Bardera and Dolow to the Tana River in East Africa were long established before the late 19th century uprising of Sayyid Mohamed Abdulle Hassan. The Marehan Rer Guri were content and basically wanted to herd their livestock from the grasslands of Jubba to Tana River peacefully, where they had settled at the time. The Marehan Galti from the north and central Somalia were antagonistic. Northern Gedo Sheikh of Ali Dheere, who was at the time in concert with the rer Guri, was content with the status quo. ↑Jump back a section Consolidation Mohammed Abdullah Hassan's fort in Taleex . During 1910-1914, Sayyid's capitalmoved from Illig to Taleex in the heart of Nugaal where he built three garrison forts of massive stone work and a number of houses. He built a luxurious palace for himself and kept new guards drawn from outcast clans.By 1913, he had dominated the entire hinterland of the Somali peninsula by building forts at Jildali and Mirashi in Warsangali country, at Werder and Korahe in the Ogaden and Beledweyne in southern Somalia. On 9 August 1913, at the Battle of Dul Madoba , a Dervish force raided the HabarYoonis clan near Burco and killed or wounded 57 members of the 110-man Somaliland Camel Constabulary . The dead included the British officer who commanded the constabulary, Colonel Richard Corfield . Hassan memorialized this action in his poem simply entitled "The Death of Richard Corfield." In the same year, the Dervish attacked Berbera and looted and destroyed it. In 1914, the Somaliland Camel Corps was founded as an expanded and improved version of the constabulary. A British force was gathering against the Dervishes when they were interrupted by the outbreakof World War I . Among the British officers deployed were Adrian Carton de Wiart (later Lieutenant General), who lost an eye in the campaign, and Hastings Ismay , a staff officer who was later Winston Churchill 's chief military advisor. By 1919, despite the British having built large stone forts to guard the passes to the hills, Hassan and his armed bands were at large, robbing and killing. [ 1 ] The vision of Sayyid and his followers in Jubba was similar to that of people in Sudanand Egypt when the Ottoman Sultanate was retreating from those other Northeast African territories. ↑Jump back a section Defeat Main article: 1920 conflict between British forces and the Dervish State In the beginning of 1920, the British struck the Dervish settlements with a well-coordinated air and land attack and inflicted a stunning defeat. The forts of Hassan were damaged and his army suffered great losses. They hastily fled to Ogaden . Here, again with the help of his patriotic poetry and charisma, he tried to rebuild his army and accomplish the coalition of Ogaden clans, which made him a power in the land once again. ↑Jump back a section Death On 21 December 1920, Hassan died of influenza at the age of 64, His grave is believed to be somewhere close to Imay town of the Somali region of Ethiopia; however, the exact spot of the Sayid's tomb isn't known, a matter that has concerned and occupied the Somali people. However, in the middle of 2009, the Somali Regional State administration expressed that they will exhume the remains of Mohammed Abdullah Hassan and rebury him in his old castle at Imme. [ 2 ] Although, most individuals who knew the exact location of the Hassan`s tomb aredead for a long time now, the Regional Information Minister Mr. Guled Casowe told on VOA Somali Section interview, that very few, senile individuals who can reveal the details of the Hassan`s grave may be alive, making the region`ssearch efforts attainable. The Somali Region of Ethiopia is trying to sample DNA test to determine whether the remains they found in a graveyard at Gindhir, could be that of Sayid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan. [ 3 ] ↑Jump back a section In popular culture *. The documentary film The Parching Winds of Somalia includes a section on the Dervish struggle and its leader Muhammad Abdullah Hassan . *. The historic romance novel Ignorance is the Enemy of Love by Farah Mohamed Jama Awl has a Dervish protagonist called Calimaax , who is part of an ill-fated love story and fights against the British , Italians and Ethiopians in the Horn of Africa . *. A 1983, film entitled A Somali Dervish was directed by Abdulkadir Ahmed Said . *. In the Law & Order: Criminal Intent episode Loyalty , references are made to the Dervishes and their leader. The episode also features a character purported to have been descended from Muhammad Abdullah Hassan. *. In 1985, a 4 hour and 40 minute Indian -produced epic film by filmmaker Salah Ahmed entitledthe Somalia Dervishes went intoproduction. With a budget of$1.8 million, it included an actual descendant of Hassan as its star, and featured hundreds of actors and extras. [ 4 ] *. In the popular comic book series Corto Maltese , the protagonist travels to the Horn of Africa during the Dervishes' battle against the British, and witnesses the former power storm a British fort. During these travels, he develops a long-term friendship with a Dervish warrior named Cush , who subsequently features in several other of Corto's adventures around the world. ↑Jump back a section See also *. Hasna Doreh - wife of Mohammed Abdullah Hassan and commander in his Dervish Army. *. Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi - Somali Imam and General of theSultanate of Adal *. Mohamoud Ali Shire - Sultan of Warsengeli *. John Gough - Awarded a VictoriaCross for his actions as a column commander during the Third Somaliland Expedition against Hassan. *. Alexander Stanhope Cobbe - Awarded a Victoria Cross for his actions at Erego 1902. *. Adrian Carton de Wiart - (British army officer) lost an eye attacking a fort at Shimbiris in 1914 ↑Jump back a section Notes 1. ^ Baker, Anne (2003). From Biplane to Spitfire . Pen And Sword Books . p. 161. ISBN 0-85052-980-8 . 2. ^ Honouring Sayid Mohamed Abdulle Hassan, By Mohamed Bakayr . 3. ^ "Guled Asowe: We are Searching The Burial Place of Sayid Mohamed." , VOA , 02 January 2010 (accessed 18 January 2011) 4. ^ Exploits of Somalia's national hero becomes basis for movie - Kentucky New Era ↑Jump back a section References *. Abdisalam Issa-Salwe , The Failure of The Daraawiish State, The Clash Between Somali Clanship and State System , paper presented at the 5th International Congress of Somali Studies, December 1993 [1] *. Abdi Sheik Abdi , Divine Madness: Mohammed Abdulle Hassan (1856–1920) , Zed Books Ltd., London, 1993 *. Bartholet, Jeffrey. It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World , Newsweek, Oct. 12, 2009, pp. 43–47. *. Battersby, Henry Francis Prevost . Richard Corfield of Somaliland (1914), ASIN: B000WFUQT8. *. Jaamac Cumar Ciise , Taariikhdii Daraawiishta iyo Sayid MaxamedCabdulle Xasan, (1895–1921), Wasaaradda Hiddaha iyo Tacliinta Sare , edited by Akadeemiyaha Dhaqanka, Mogadishu, 1976. *. Jardine, Douglas J. , The Mad Mullah of Somaliland , London: Jenkins, 1923. Reprint. New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969 (one of the main sources of this article) *. McNeill, Malcom, In Pursuit of the 'Mad' Mullah , 1902. *. Said S. Samatar , Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism: The Case of Sayyid Mahammad Abdille Hasan , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982 (analyzes Mahammad Abdille's poetry andassesses his nationalist and literary contributions to the Somali heritage) *. Skoulding, F.A. With 'Z' Unit in Somaliland , RAF Quarterly 2, no.3, (July 1931), pp. 387–396. *. Swayne, H.G.C., Seventeen Trips through Somaliland and a visit to Abyssinia: With Supplementary preface on the 'Mad Mullah' risings , 1903. Authority control *. VIAF : 211768128 ↑Jump back a section Read in another language This page is available in 12 languagesالعربية català česky ... *. norsk bokmål *. русский *. Soomaaliga *. suomi Last modified on 6 April 2013, at 17:04 Desktop Mobile Page by contributors like you Content available under CC BY-SA 3.0 | Terms of Use Privac